European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2010). Risk assessment of new psychoactive substances : operating guidelines. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Abstract: The principal aim of these guidelines is to put in place a sound methodological and procedural basis for carrying out each risk assessment, by using a semi-quantitative assessment procedure. This publication is a revision of the Guidelines for the risk assessment of new synthetic drugs (published in the same series, in 1999).
Keywords: addiction; AOD dependence; chemical addiction; psychoactive substances; designer drug; research chemical; legal regulation; risk assessment; Europe
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United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2004). Substance abuse treatment and care for women : case studies and lessons learned. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Global Challenges Section.
Abstract: The present booklet is about gender-responsive substance abuse treatment services for women. It is part of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) project to develop tools to support the development and improvement of substance abuse treatment services, based on evidence from the literature and case studies that illustrate practical experiences and lessons learned in providing substance abuse treatment services in various regions of the world.
Keywords: treatment and maintenance; gender; woman; AOD use, abuse, and dependence; government and politics; international area; United Nations Organisation (body)
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Strang, J., Groshkova, T., & Metrebian, N. (2012). New heroin-assisted treatment : recent evidence and current practices of supervised injectable heroin treatment in Europe and beyond. Insights, 11. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Abstract: The prescription of substitution drugs, such as methadone and buprenorphine, has become a mainstream, first-line treatment for opioid dependence, with around 700 000 of Europe’s 1.3 million problem opioid users receiving substitution treatment today. But a small minority of entrenched opioid users repeatedly fails to respond to interventions of this kind. Findings from international trials now suggest that the supervised use of medicinal heroin can be an effective second-line treatment for this small, and previously unresponsive, group. In this latest EMCDDA Insights report, experts describe the development as “an important clinical step forward”. The report provides the first state-of-the-art overview of research on the subject, examining the latest evidence and clinical experience in this area in Europe and beyond.
Keywords: harm reduction; addiction; AOD use, abuse, and dependence; heroin; heroin-assisted treatment; methadone; drug substitution therapy; research; international area; Europe; report
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2008). Best practice portal. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA).
Abstract: The portal presents an overview of the latest evidence of different interventions, in terms of efficacy and effectiveness. It contains tools to improve interventions, whilst highlighting real-life examples of evaluated practices, which are implemented within EU Member States. Its development comes as a response to the EU drugs action plan (2005-08) which calls for ’the effective dissemination of evaluated best practices’.
Keywords: prevention; treatment and maintenance; harm reduction; rehabilitation; professional; illicit drug; multiple drug use; research; international area; Europe; internet
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Sinclair, H. (2006). Drug treatment demand data : influence on policy and practice = Demandes de traitment des consummateurs de drogues : influence sur les politiques et les pratiques. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing.
Abstract: The Pompidou Group has advocated the systematic and routine collection of information on patients entering treatment for problem drug use (treatment demand data) since the mid-1980s. Two decades later, the question now being asked is whether or not this data has been used as evidence in the development of policies and practices. In this publication, authors Hamish Sinclair, Carlo Bertorello, Michela Rial and Dusan Nolimal, all members of the Pompidou Group research platform, attempt to answer this question. Three case studies describe how treatment demand data has been used in the development of drug policies and services in Ireland, Italy and Slovenia. One strong message coming out of this report is the need for more information on the outcome of treatment. Policy makers clearly need more information on patients at the end of their treatment, including information on further treatment and its effectiveness. Depuis le milieu des années 1980, le Groupe Pompidou plaide en faveur de la collecte régulière et systématique d’informations concernant les patients qui commencent un traitement pour consommation problématique de drogues (données en matière de demande de traitement). Vingt ans plus tard, il reste à savoir si ces données ont été ou non utilisées afin d’élaborer des politiques et des pratiques reposant sur des connaissances validées. C’est a cette question que tentent de répondre les auteurs: Hamish Sinclair, et Carlo Bertorello, Michela Rial et Dusan Nolimal, tous membres de la plate-forme recherche du Groupe Pompidou. Trois études de cas décrivent I’utilisation des demandes de traitement dans l’élaboration de politiques en matière de drogues et de services en Irlande, Italie et Slovénie. L’un des message forts qui ressort de ce rapport est le besoin de davantage d’informations sur les résultats du traitement. II est clair que les décideurs politiques ont besoin de davantage d’informations sur les patients à l’issue du traitement, notamment sur leur maintien en traitement et l’efficacité de celui-ci.
Keywords: treatment and maintenance; Ireland; Italy; Slovenia
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Matthews, K., Shepherd, J., & Sivarajasingham, V. (2006). Violence-related injury and the price of beer in England and Wales. Applied economics, 38(6), 661–670.
Abstract: The paper examines the influence of the real price of beer on violence-related injuries across the economic regions in England and Wales. The data are monthly frequency of violent-injury collected from a stratified sample of 58 National Health Service Emergency Departments 1995-2000. An econometric model based on economic, socio-demographic and environmental factors was estimated using panel techniques. It is shown that the rate of violence-related injury is negatively related to the real price of beer, as well as economic, sporting and socio-demographic factors. The principal conclusion of the paper is that the regional distribution of the incidence of violent injury is related to the regional distribution of the price of beer. The major policy conclusion is that increased alcohol prices would result in substantially fewer violent injuries and reduced demand on trauma services.
Keywords: alcohol product; beer; price and pricing; AOD price; AODR violence; injury; emergency care; economics; socioeconomic differences; United Kingdom; England; Wales
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Winpenny, E., Sunil, P., Elliot, M., Villalba van Dijk, L., Hinrichs, S., Marteau, T., et al. (2012). Assessment of young people's exposure to alcohol marketing in audiovisual and online media. London; Brussels: RAND Europe; European Commission.
Abstract: The overall aim of the work presented in this report was to use novel approaches to measure alcohol advertisement exposure among young people in Europe through audiovisual and online media.
Keywords: assessment; advertisement; exposure to AOD ad; television; internet; licit drug; alcohol; adolescent; statistical data; international area; Europe; European Union
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Krul, J., Blankers, M., & Girbes, A. R. J. (2011). Substance-related health problems during rave parties in the Netherlands (1997-2008). PLoS ONE, 6(12; 12/2011), e29620.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to describe a 12-year (1997–2008) observation of substance-related incidents occurring at rave parties in the Netherlands, including length of visits to first-aid stations, substances used, and severity of the incidents. During rave parties, specifically trained medical and paramedical personnel staffed first aid stations. Visitors were diagnosed and treated, and their data were recorded using standardized methods. During the 12-year period with 249 rave parties involving about 3,800,000 visitors, 27,897 people visited a first aid station, of whom 10,100 reported having a substancerelated problem. The mean age of these people was 22.3+/25.4 years; 52.4% of them were male. Most (66.7%) substancerelated problems were associated with ecstasy or alcohol use or both. Among 10,100 substance-related cases, 515 required professional medical care, and 16 of these cases were life threatening. People with a substance-related problem stayed 20 min at the first aid station, which was significantly longer than the 5 min that those without a substance-related health problem stayed. These unique data from the Netherlands identify a variety of acute health problems related to the use of alcohol, amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy, and GHB. Although most problems were minor, people using GHB more often required professional medical care those using the other substances. We recommended adherence to harm and risk reduction policy, and the use of first aid stations with specially trained staff for both minor and serious incidents.
Keywords: AOD use; AOD use pattern; nightlife; gamma-hydroxybutyric acid; ecstasy; alcohol; cannabis; amphetamines; cocaine; risk assessment; harm reduction; study; Netherlands
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013). Drug policy profiles : Ireland. Drug policy profiles. Lisbon: Publications Office of the European Union.
Abstract: The national drug policy of Ireland comes under the spotlight in the second volume in the EMCDDA series of Drug policy profiles. Examining the evolution of Irish drug policy through four periods of historic development, the report explores: the country’s national strategies; the legal context within which they operate; the public funds spent, or committed, to implement them; and the political bodies and mechanisms set up to coordinate the response to the problem. The profile sets this information in context by outlining the size, wealth and economic situation of the country as a whole, as well as the historical development of the current policy. Also described is the manner in which events in Ireland bear similarities with, and differences from, developments in other European countries.
Keywords: history; AOD public policy strategy; drug offense; law; drug legalization; evaluation; Ireland
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Thane, K., & Stöver, H. (2011). Health needs of drug dependent prisoners in four countries (Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Poland) = Die gesundheitlichen Bedürfnisse drogenabhängiger Inhaftierter in vier Ländern (Estland, Ungarn, Litauen, Polen). Acceptance-oriented drug work = Akzeptanzorientierte Drogenarbeit, 8(24.08.2011), 23–43.
Abstract: The majority of people held in European prisons have severe problems associated with drug use, together with related health and social disadvantages. Those categorised as problematic drug users (PDUs) constitute a substantial proportion of prison populations in Europe. Recent figures indicate that a third to a half of prisoners having illicit drug use experience before imprisonment. Acknowledging the existence of a drug problem within prison walls often remains a taboo for prisoners, staff, management and politicians. Moreover, lack of continuity of care and support throughout the criminal justice system (CJS), from the moment of arrest to release from prison into the community, contributes to failures in reintegration, drives the “revolving door effect”, with drug users routinely caught in the criminal justice system and does not allow for the full implementation of the principle of equivalence of health services in prison comparable to those available in the community. Most of the countries, who joined the European Union (EU) most recently have, to varying degrees, im-plemented effective treatment programmes and harm reduction projects outside of the prison system. However, effective drug treatment and blood-borne virus (BBV) prevention programmes within the prison walls and follow up services for released inmates with problematic drug use still have, in most New Member States, to be developed. Overall, prison policies and practices, in particular in dealing with drug users and related (infectious) diseases, remain an important EU concern. In few of the New Member States the public health imperative of a healthy prison system receives the political attention it deserves
Keywords: AOD dependence; AOD associated consequences; health and disease; addiction; prison-based health service; prison-based prevention; prevention; prevention directed at groups; international area; Estonia; Hungary; Lithuania; Poland
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