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Author |
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction |
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Title |
Cost and financing of drug treatment services in Europe : an exploratory study |
Type |
Report |
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Year |
2011 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Pages |
23 |
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Keywords |
Aod; AOD use, abuse, and dependence; addiction; heroin; treatment and maintenance; detoxification; inpatient care; outpatient care; methadone; heroin-assisted treatment; financial management; treatment cost; treatment method; financial statement; financing; study; Europe; report |
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Abstract |
Recent estimates suggest that, each year, over 1 million Europeans receive treatment for problems related to the use of illicit drugs (EMCDDA, 2010). Of these, more than half receive opioid substitution treatment for problems related to opioid drugs, primarily heroin. The current levels of provision of drug treatment services in the European Union are the result of an expansion of services that has taken place during the last two decades. For much of that time, services expanded against a background of a growing drug problem, and one in which economic conditions were largely favourable. Now, however, in an era of cuts in government expenditure, managing the costs of treatment and ensuring the highest quality and best outcomes for the lowest possible cost are priorities. While measuring and improving drug treatment outcomes have been relatively high on the research agenda in recent years, the cost of treatment has received far less research attention. Addressing this information gap is likely to have a number of benefi ts for both decision-makers and treatment providers. On the one hand, service providers need accurate information on the costs of service provision in order to plan the allocation of resources. On the other, decision-makers and funders can use such information as a means of cost control, for example, by comparing costs of similar services or those of alternative providers of similar services. Finally, as a part of a fuller economic analysis, information on service costs is needed to determine the cost-effectiveness of interventions and treatment programmes. The cost of drug treatment in Europe is looked at from two main angles in this Selected issue. First, it presents an overview of the main sources of drug treatment funding and the financing mechanisms that are employed in European countries. The available data are presented on who is paying for drug treatment, how funding is organised, and how funding is distributed among different treatment modalities. This is followed by an analysis of the unit costs of different types of drug treatment. Costs related to opioid substitution treatment including the costs of substitution medication for a number of European countries are presented here. This publication keeps a tight focus on the cost of drug treatment and does not attempt to undertake a broader economic analysis of the healthcare and social costs relating to illicit drugs. This Selected issue represents a fi rst attempt to provide a European overview of drug treatment costs, and individual countries are brought into focus to illustrate specifi c aspects of the analysis. This subject is both topical and methodologically challenging. The varying availability of information as well as the complexity of funding arrangements mean that, at best, only very incomplete estimates can be made of the costs of (or expenditure on) drug treatment in Europe. |
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Publications Office of the European Union |
Place of Publication |
Luxembourg |
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English |
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Selected issues |
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ISSN |
1830-7957 |
ISBN |
978-92-9168-464-9 |
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Call Number |
50-12180 |
Serial |
50911 |
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Author |
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction |
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Title |
Guidelines for the treatment of drug dependence: a European perspective |
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Report |
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Year |
2011 |
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23 |
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Keywords |
Aod; AOD use, abuse, and dependence; drug; drug dependent; addiction; illicit drug; opioids in any form; heroin; evaluation; treatment and maintenance; treatment and patient care; Europe; report |
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Abstract |
The last two decades have witnessed an increase in the development of treatment guidelines in the European drugs field. This has largely built on a body of evidence on the treatment of drug dependence that has developed since the 1980s, alongside a growing interest in, and understanding of, the eff ectiveness of interventions. A range of tools became available to translate evidence into satisfactory and sustainable results, among them : guidelines and standards, education and training, implementation and assessment, monitoring, and accreditation systems based on quality standards. The focus of this Selected issue is drug dependence treatment guidelines – one of the main measures used to improve and guarantee the quality of drug treatment provision. The focus on drug dependence treatment is timely and appropriate, as current estimates suggest that at least 1.1 million people were treated for illicit drug use in the European Union, Croatia, Turkey and Norway during 2009 (1). This is the consequence of a major expansion of specialised outpatient services during the last twenty years, with the significant inclusion of primary healthcare, self-help groups, general mental health services, and outreach and low-threshold service providers. While more than half of clients received opioid substitution treatment, a substantial number received other forms of treatment for problems related to opioids, stimulants, cannabis and other illicit drugs. The main modalities used for the treatment of drug problems in Europe are opioid substitution, detoxification and psychosocial interventions. Drug dependence treatment services are provided in a variety of settings: specialised treatment units (including outpatient and inpatient centres), mental health clinics and hospitals, units in prison, lowthreshold agencies and by offi ce-based general practitioners. Particularly in western Europe, there appears to have been a gradual shift away from a view of drug dependence treatment as the responsibility of a few specialist disciplines providing intensive, short-term interventions towards a multidisciplinary, integrated and longer-term approach. Evidence suggests that continuous care and integrated treatment responses may be aided by the development and use of guidelines, care protocols and case management by all the relevant service providers (Haggerty et al., 2003). This publication sets out to introduce the topic of treatment quality improvement by the development of guidelines (and other documents), and to provide an overview of the existing national guidelines for the treatment of drug dependence in Europe. |
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Publications Office of the European Union |
Place of Publication |
Luxembourg |
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English |
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50-12182 |
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50913 |
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Author |
Organe international de contrôle des stupéfiants |
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Title |
Organe international de contrôle des stupéfiants : rapport 2011 |
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Report |
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Year |
2012 |
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Pages |
ix, 135, annexe |
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Keywords |
government and politics; laws and regulations; international area; Europe; Africa; America; Asia; Oceania |
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Nations Unies (ONU), Organe international de contrôle des stupéfiants (OICS) |
Place of Publication |
Vienne |
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French |
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Also available in English: 50-12286 |
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Call Number |
50-12287 |
Serial |
50925 |
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Author |
Science Group of the European Alcohol and Health Forum |
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Title |
Alcohol, work and productivity |
Type |
Report |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Pages |
69, appendix |
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Keywords |
AOD use, abuse, and dependence; alcohol; work; workplace AOD policy; workplace context; public health; health promotion; public policy on alcohol; harm reduction; prevention; prevention program; report |
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Abstract |
The European alcohol and Health Forum2 requested in the spring of 2010 the Science Group to provide a summary of the evidence base and advice for possible actions by Forum members to address the Strategy’s goals of preventing alcohol-related harm among adults and reducing the negative impact on the workplace (Annex I). In particular, the Science Group was asked to provide: 1. A quantification of the impact on alcohol on the workplace, and an evaluation of the effects on the productivity of the EU workforce. 2. A concise overview of the current state of play across Europe, highlighting key trends and/or any variations in national or sector experiences as well as between larger or smaller workplace settings. 3. Any pointers towards: (a) High value options for additional research or collection of additional data and indicators; (b) Effective approaches to consider for wider deployment in more workplace settings,including any guidance as to the need for prioritisation of action targeting particular sectoral, professional or age specific groups. The Chair of the Science Group suggested the establishment of a dedicated Working Group to prepare a scientific report on the topic. The Working Group consisted of the following persons: Professor Peter Anderson (chair), Dr. Marjana Martinic, Dr. Anders Romelsjö. The report in Part I deals with items 1 and 3 of the above task requests. The content of the report includes the impact of alcohol on productivity both in work (absenteeism and presenteeism) as well as out of work (unemployment) as these are all related, particularly in times of economic downturn, when workers need to be re integrated back into the workforce. The report in Part II, Approaches to reducing alcohol related harm in the workplace, describes a number of workplace interventions in practice implemented by beverage alcohol producer companies. While workplace interventions are applied across many industries and sectors, these companies were selected because they are members of the alcohol and Health Forum and information about their practices was accessible to the Science group. |
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Science Group of the European alcohol and Health Forum |
Place of Publication |
Bruxelles |
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English |
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Call Number |
50-12306 |
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50927 |
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Author |
Bundesamt für Gesundheit |
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Title |
Die Heroingestützte Behandlung : Behandlung mit Diacetylmorphin (HeGeBe) in den Jahren 2011 |
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Report |
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Year |
2012 |
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19 |
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treatment and maintenance; heroin-assisted treatment; monitoring; health; communicable disease; statistical data; Switzerland; annual report |
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Bundesamt für Gesundheit (BAG), Nationale Präventionsprogramme |
Place of Publication |
Bern |
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German |
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Seulement disponible en allemand |
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Call Number |
50-12365 |
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50929 |
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Bundesrat |
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Title |
Gefährdungspotenzial von Internet und Online-Games |
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Year |
2012 |
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6 |
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government and politics; addiction; addictive behavior; internet; risk assessment; report; Switzerland |
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Bundeskanzlei |
Place of Publication |
Bern |
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German |
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Aussi disponible en français: 50-12399; anche disponibile in italiano: 50-12400 |
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Call Number |
50-12398 |
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50933 |
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Author |
Eidgenössische Alkoholverwaltung; Régie fédérale des alcools; Regìa federale degli alcool |
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Title |
Alkoholzehntel : Berichte der Kantone 2011 = Dîme de l'alcool : Rapports cantonaux 2011 = Decima dell'alcool : Rapporti cantonali 2011 |
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2012 |
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63 |
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monitoring; alcohol; taxes; financing; prevention; early identification; treatment and maintenance; aftercare; research; education; statistical data; Switzerland; report |
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Die Kantone erhalten 10 Prozent des Reinertrags aus der Besteuerung der gebrannten Wasser. Diese Mittel sind zur Bekämpfung der Ursachen und Wirkungen von Suchtproblemen zu verwenden. Der Anteil der Kantone ist zur Bekämpfung des Alkoholismus, des Suchtmittel-, Betäubungsmittel- und Medikamentenmissbrauchs in ihren Ursachen und Wirkungen zu verwenden. Die Kantone erstatten dem Bundesrat jährlich Bericht über die Verwendung ihres Anteils. Un dixième du produit net de l’impôt sur les boissons distillées est versé aux cantons. Ils utilisent ces fonds pour combattre les causes et les effets de l’abus de substances engendrant la dépendance. Les cantons sont tenus d’employer leur part pour combattre dans leurs causes et dans leurs effets l’alcoolisme, l’abus des stupéfiants et autres substances engendrant la dépendance ainsi que l’abus des médicaments. Les cantons présentent, chaque année, un rapport au Conseil fédéral sur cet emploi. Il 10 per cento del prodotto netto dell’imposizione delle bevande distillate è devoluto ai Cantoni. È impiegato per combattere, nelle sue cause e nei suoi effetti, l’abuso di sostanze che generano dipendenza. La parte spettante ai Cantoni dev’essere impiegata nella lotta contro l’alcolismo, l’abuso di stupefacenti o di altre sostanze che generano dipendenza e l’abuso di medicamenti, nelle loro cause e nei loro effetti. I Cantoni presentano ogni anno al Consiglio federale un rapporto sull’impiego della loro quota. |
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Eidgenössische Alkoholverwaltung (EAV); Régie fédérale des alcools (RFA); Regìa federale degli alcool (RFA) |
Place of Publication |
Bern; Berne; Berna |
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German; French; Italian |
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Dreisprachige Publikation Deutsch-Französisch-Italienisch; publication trilingue allemand-français-italien; pubblicazione trilingue tedesco-francese-italiano |
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50-12418 |
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50938 |
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction |
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Title |
A definition of “drug mules” for use in a European context |
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Year |
2012 |
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45 |
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AOD use, abuse, and dependence; AOD demand; drug market; drug smuggling; drug trafficking; research; Europe |
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Drug trafficking is no longer considered solely a social ill or a domestic issue, but is now presented as a matter of European security (1). In the European Union (EU) vast amounts of resources are spent on securing external and internal borders against illegal drugs and punishing those who break drug laws (2); however, research in the area is still, comparatively, in its infancy. Very little is known about the operation of drug markets or about state and non-state responses to drug markets and the effects of these. There remains a disconnect between theoretical models and regular data gathering that empirical research has so far been unable to bridge. Thus, the aim of this project was to reassess the ontological assumptions that have been underpinning drug market research and informing research choices to determine whether a more comprehensive and comparative approach might be more useful in the future |
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) |
Place of Publication |
Lisbon |
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English |
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1725-5767 |
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978-92-9168-498-4 |
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50-12423 |
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50939 |
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Author |
Rien ne va plus |
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Title |
Rapport d'activités 2011 : a quoi tu joues? 10 ans déjà |
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2012 |
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22, annexe |
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addictive behavior; nonchemical addiction; gambling; report; Rien ne va plus (body); Geneva |
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Rien ne va plus |
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French |
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50-12494 |
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50940 |
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Author |
WHO Regional Office for Europe |
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Title |
Action plan for the implementation of the European strategy for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 2012-2016 |
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2012 |
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149, appendix |
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noncommunicable disease; mental health; violence; infection; political action committee; prevention; public health; public policy; health promotion; Europe |
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Investing in prevention and improved control of noncommunicable diseases (NCD) will reduce premature death and preventable morbidity and disability, and improve the quality of life and well-being of people and societies. No less than 86% of deaths and 77% of the disease burden in the WHO European Region are caused by this broad group of disorders, which show an epidemiological distribution with great inequalities reflecting a social gradient, while they are linked by common risk factors, underlying determinants and opportunities for intervention. This document contains an action plan for implementation of the European Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases. Taking account of Members States’ existing commitments, it focuses on priority action areas and interventions for the next five years (2012–2016) within a comprehensive and integrated framework. It has been developed through a consultative process, guided by the Standing Committee of the Regional Committee, and including meetings of NCD focal points and of the European Health Policy Forum for High-Level Government Officials. Its formulation has taken place against a backdrop of development of the new European health policy (Health 2020) and the Public Health Framework for Action, as well as the First Global Ministerial Conference on Healthy Lifestyles and Noncommunicable Disease Control (Moscow, April 2011) and the United Nations high-level Meeting on Noncommunicable Diseases (New York, September 2011) and takes account of these processes. |
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World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for Europe |
Place of Publication |
Copenhagen |
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English |
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50-12527 |
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50941 |
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