Hedrich, D. (2004). European report on drug consumption rooms (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Ed.). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Keywords: addictive drug; harm reduction; contact center; injection room; health promotion; history; cost-benefit analysis; risk factors; legislative process; experimental study; public health; public policy on AOD; public opinion on AOD; target group; AODR crime; crime prevention; international area; Australia; Netherlands; Spain; Canada; Europe; Germany; Switzerland
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various. (2008). Drug use, impaired driving and traffic accidents (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Ed.). Insights, 8. Lisbon; Luxembourg: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA); Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Keywords: europe; drug; addiction; journal
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (1999). Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 1999 (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Ed.). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Keywords: government and politics; international area; prevalence; AOD use, abuse, and dependence; treatment and maintenance; prison; prevention; research; illicit drug sales; law enforcement; AOD effects and AODR problems; cannabis; ecstasy; LSD; MDMA; Europe; annual report
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2008). Annual report 2008 : the state of the drugs problem in Europe (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Ed.). Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Keywords: government and politics; international area; AOD public policy strategy; public policy on illicit drugs; other drug laws; cannabis; MDMA; ecstasy; LSD; cocaine; crack cocaine; intravenous injection; opioids in any form; gamma-hydroxybutyric acid; gamma-butyrolactone; communicable disease; AODR mortality; Europe; annual report
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Burkhart, G., Fegert, J. M., Schepker, R., Keller, F., Ludolph, A. G., Plener, P. L., et al. (2009). Preventing later substance use disorders in at-risk children and adolescents : a review of the theory and evidence base of indicated prevention (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Ed.). Lisbon; Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Abstract: This review on indicated prevention adds to the current knowledge and understanding of risk factors in the development of later drug problems and dependence, focusing on the mental health and behavioural problems that develop during childhood. Indicated prevention is a relatively new branch of drug prevention and can be seen as the third part of the ’prevention chain’, after universal and selective prevention. Its aim is not necessarily to prevent drug use or initiation to it, but rather to prevent the development of dependence, diminish frequency of use and avert ’dangerous’ patterns of substance use (e.g. moderate instead of binge-drinking).
Keywords: indicated prevention; AODD and AODR disorder; child; adolescent; childhood; risk factors; AOD use, abuse, and dependence
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Tossmann, H. - P., Leuschner, F., Simon, R., Hillebrand, J., & Pirona, A. (2009). Internet-based drug treatment interventions : best practice and applications in EU member states (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Ed.). Insights, 10. Lisbon; Luxembourg: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA); Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Keywords: treatment and maintenance; internet; Europe; European Union
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, & Europol. (2011). EMCDDA-Europol 2010 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA : in accordance with Article 10 of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA on the information exchange, risk-assessment and control of new psychoactive substances (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Ed.). Implementation reports. Lisbon: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Abstract: This report presents the results and outlines the key achievements for 2010 on the information exchange, risk-assessment and control of new psychoactive substances. In 2010, 41 new psychoactive substances were officially notified for the first time in the European Union through the Early-Warning System (EWS). Of those, 15 were synthetic cathinones and 11 were synthetic cannabinoids. Substances belonging to more established chemical families were also reported – five phenethylamines, one tryptamine and one piperazine. The list of newly notified substances was rather diverse and also included a plant-based substance, a synthetic cocaine, a ketamine derivative, a phencyclidine derivative, an indane, a benzofuran, as well as a substance which can be seen as a designer medicine. The report also describes the increased availability of ’legal highs’ and the EMCDDA’s activities in monitoring the online shops selling these products, as well as the risk assessment of mephedrone, which was submitted to control measures and criminal penalties throughout the European Union.
Keywords: cooperation; internet; monitoring; risk assessment; mephedrone; psychoactive substances; Europe
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2011). Mortality related to drug in Europe : public health implications (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Ed.). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Abstract: In recent decades, the overall level of illicit drug use in Europe has risen dramatically, and with it the number of deaths among the drug-using population, in particular among problem drug users. In the 21st century, a considerable share of premature or avoidable mortality among young adults can be attributed to illicit drug overdose, which accounts for an estimated 4% of deaths among those aged 15–39 in Europe (1). These deaths are often related to injecting drug use and, in most cases, involve a combination of substances (Best et al., 2000), but they represent only part of mortality among drug users (2). In addition, a substantial number of deaths are indirectly related to drug use, such as those from HIV/AIDS related to injecting drug use, accidents, violence and suicides. The high levels of mortality among drug users are a serious cause for concern both at the individual and the societal level. The number of problem opioid users in Europe is cautiously estimated at about 1.3 million (3), and it is among these opioid users, particularly injectors, that we find the greatest share of morbidity and mortality related to illicit drug use in Europe. Heroin is the drug most often associated with overdose, although other drugs and alcohol are commonly present. Overdose represents a major cause of avoidable death associated with illicit drug use, and from 1990 to 2010, between 6 500 and 8 500 overdose deaths have
Keywords: Aod; AOD use, abuse, and dependence; addiction; illicit drug; heroin; morbidity; AOD overdose; AODR mortality; prevalence; Europe; report
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Hibell, B., Guttormsson, U., Ahlström, S., Balakireva, O., Bjarnason, T., Kokkevi, A., et al. (2012). Summary : the 2011 ESPAD report : substance use among students in 35 countries (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Ed.). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Abstract: The main purpose of the European School Survey Project on alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) is to collect comparable data on substance use among 15- to 16-year-old European students in order to monitor trends within as well as between countries. So far, five data-collection waves have been conducted in the framework of the project. The first study was carried out in 26 countries in 1995, while data collection in 2011 was performed in 37 countries. However, results for 2011 are available only for 36 countries, since the Isle of Man collected data but unfortunately did not have the possibility to deliver any results. This summary presents key results from the 2011 survey in the ESPAD countries as well as findings regarding the long-term trends. An initial section gives a short overview of the methodology. Independent research teams in the participating countries form the basis of the collaborative project. In the 2011 ESPAD data collection, more than 100 000 students took part in the following countries: Albania, Belgium (Flanders), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republic of Srpska), Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, the Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany (five Bundesländer), Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, the Isle of Man, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Russian Federation (Moscow), Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Ukraine and the United Kingdom. Spain, like the United States, is not an ESPAD country. However, as a result of close collaboration with the ESPAD project since 1995, data from the Spanish National Students Drug Survey have been included when comparable/feasible, and are available throughout the 2011 ESPAD Report.
Keywords: AOD use; drug consumption; tobacco product; cannabis; smoking; illicit drug; drug user; adolescent; gender; survey; statistical data; incidence; Europe
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(2012). Pregnancy, childcare and the family : key issues for Europe's response to drugs (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Ed.). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Abstract: This Selected issue gives a broad overview on the extent of, and available responses to, the problems of pregnant drug users and families that are affected by drug use. In the first part of the report, a description of the available data on the extent of drug use during pregnancy and associated risks is followed by a review of responses to drug use among pregnant women across Europe. The second part of the publication focuses on children living in the care of drug users. Here, a review of the risks related to drug use in the family sets the scene for European overviews of responses targeting drug-using parents and responses aimed at the children of drug users. The policy and legal frameworks concerning the two situations are described, both for pregnant drug users and drug-using parents and their children.
Keywords: AOD use, abuse, and dependence; AOD user; AOD associated consequences; risk; pregnancy; family; parent; child; public policy on health; international area; Europe; European Union
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