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Office of National Drug Control Policy. (2011). 2011 national drug control strategy : executive summary (Office of National Drug Control Policy, Ed.). Washington: Executive Office of the President of the United States.
Keywords: prevention; treatment and maintenance; law enforcement; government and politics; AOD public policy strategy; public policy on AOD; public policy on illicit drugs; addiction; AOD use, abuse, and dependence; AODR crime; drug dealing; drug trafficking; illegal production of drugs; illicit drug industry; drug market; prevention through education; adolescent; cooperation; United States; international area
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Office of National Drug Control Policy. (2012). The 2012 national drug control srategy : bilding on a record of reform : executive summary (Office of National Drug Control Policy, Ed.). Washington: Executive Office of the President of the United States.
Keywords: prevention; treatment and maintenance; law enforcement; government and politics; AOD public policy strategy; public policy on AOD; public policy on illicit drugs; addiction; AOD use, abuse, and dependence; AODR crime; drug dealing; drug trafficking; illegal production of drugs; illicit drug industry; drug market; prevention through education; adolescent; cooperation; United States; international area
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013). Models for the legal supply of cannabis : recent developments. Lisbon: Author.
Abstract: The international legal framework on drug control is provided by three United Nations Conventions, which instruct countries to limit drug supply and use to medical and scientific purposes. Nevertheless, there continues to be increasing debate over decriminalisation, or even legalisation, of drugs, and of cannabis in particular. Such proposals raise concerns over increases in use and harms and questions about the ways in which the distribution of cannabis for non-medical purposes could be carefully regulated to mitigate these. In the EU, a system of limited distribution has evolved in the Netherlands since the1970s, with further developments in 2012.
Keywords: laws and regulations; public policy on AOD; illicit drug; cannabis; drug decriminalization; drug legalization; harm reduction; AOD sales outlet; AOD supply; international area; Europe; European Union
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013). Emergency health consequences of cocaine use in Europe (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Ed.). Lisbon.
Abstract: Every year, several thousands of cocaine-related emergencies are reported in Europe, along with hundreds of cocaine-related deaths. The types of cocaine-related problems reported are wide ranging and the relatively high prevalence of cocaine use in the general population means that there is likely to be a significant impact on overall public health.
Keywords: public health; AOD use; prevalence; AOD effects and AODR problems; adverse drug effect; AOD induced risk; AODR mortality; emergency care; cocaine; Europe; European Union
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013). Controlling new psychoactive substances. Lisbon: Author.
Abstract: Recent years have witnessed a proliferation of new psychoactive substances becoming available in Europe. This can be illustrated through the rise in notifications of new substances to the EU early warning system, from just 14 per year in 2005 to 73 in 2012. Some of these substances will find their way on to the market, packaged and promoted as ’natural’ or ’legal’ products, in specialised physical and online shops. In particular, Internet sales of new drugs means that the expanding global network cuts across national boundaries and jurisdictions.
Keywords: public policy on AOD; laws and regulations; psychoactive substances; internet; AOD sales outlet; drug trafficking; international area; Europe; European Union
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013). Characteristics of frequent and high-risk cannabis users. Lisbon: Author.
Abstract: Cannabis is Europe’s most commonly used illicit drug, with approximately 20 million adults, or around 6% of the population aged 15-64 years, having used the drug in the last year. An indication of the public health impact of the drug can be seen in the numbers entering specialised treatment in Europe for drugrelated problems, among whom cannabisis the second most frequently reported drug, after heroin. Against this backdrop, identifying the characteristics of frequentand high-risk cannabis users can help with the identification and design of interventions for those cannabis users most at risk of experiencing problems.
Keywords: public health; public policy on AOD; intervention (persuasion to treatment); risk; AOD use pattern; illicit drug; cannabis; treatment and maintenance; statistical data; Europe; European Union
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013). Hepatitis C treatment for injecting drug users. Lisbon: Author.
Abstract: Hepatitis C is the most common infectious disease in injecting drug users, among whom it is usually transmitted through the sharing of injecting equipment such as needles and syringes. Most of those who become infected go on to develop chronic HCV infection, which can lead to severe health problems in individuals and place a major burden on health care systems. Yet hepatitis C is both preventable and curable, and interventions in this field, particularly the development of new medicines to treat hepatitis C, are making rapid progress.
Keywords: intravenous drug user; needle sharing; infection; viral hepatitis; hepatitis C; statistical data; Europe; European Union
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013). The new EU drugs strategy (2013–20). Lisbon: Author.
Abstract: EU drugs strategies and action plans direct collective action in the field of drugs both within the European Union and at international level. They do not impose legal obligations on EU Member States but promote a shared model with defined priorities, objectives, actions and metrics for measuring performance. Member States, and also some candidate and pre-accession countries, use this framework to develop their own national policy documents, which are increasingly synchronised with the EU strategy. They remain free to emphasise different national priorities within the overall framework of an integrated, balanced andevidence-based approach to the drugs problem.
Keywords: government and politics; laws and regulations; legal regulation; drug laws; strategy; illicit drug; international area; Europe; European Union
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013). Preventing overdose deaths in Europe. Lisbon: Author.
Abstract: The heroin epidemics that spread across Europe in the 1980s resulted in increasing numbers of overdose deaths among opioid users. Although the annual number of reported deaths peaked around the turn of the millennium, drug overdose still claimed more than 70 000 in Europe in the subsequent decade. Despite the fact that recent data show some promising signs, with the number of reported overdose deaths falling from around 7 700 to 6 500 between 2009 and 2011, stable or increasing death tolls continue to be reported, for example in Estonia, Sweden and the United Kingdom (Scotland).
Keywords: public policy on AOD; strategy; AOD overdose mortality; opioids in any form; heroin; Europe; European Union
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013). Synthetic cannabinoids in Europe. Lisbon: Author.
Abstract: Synthetic cannabinoids, or more correctly, synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists, mimic the effect of cannabis and are the largest group of compounds monitored at European level by the EU Early warning system on new psychoactive substances (EWS). ’Legal high’ products containing synthetic cannabinoids have probably been sold as herbal smoking mixtures since at least 2006. These products do not necessarily contain tobacco or cannabis but when smoked, produce effects similar to those of cannabis. They have been subject to innovative marketing approaches and are widely available on the Internet and in some shops in urban areas (often called ’head’ or ’smart’ shops).
Keywords: psychoactive substances; cannabis product; cannabinoids; smoking; tobacco in any form; AOD effects and AODR problems; adverse drug effect; AOD product advertising; AOD sales outlet; international area; Europe; European Union
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