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Aitken, C., Batey, R., Bowden, S., Boyce, N., Cabassi, J., Campora, C., et al. (2001). National hepatitis C resource manual (). Canberra: Australian Government, Department of Health and Ageing.
Abstract: This manual has been developed as as a concise source of standardised information about hepatitis C to assist health care workers. The aim of this resource is to enhance the health outcomes of people affected or potentially affected by hepatitis C, by providing standardised, accurate and current information about hepatitis C and associated issues to a wide range of health care providers.
Keywords: viral hepatitis; hepatitis C; HIV infection; diagnosis; harm reduction; peer; education; treatment and maintenance; government and politics; training manual; health care worker; Australia
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Batey, R., & Dore, G. (2008). National hepatitis C resource manual (2nd ed.). Canberra: Australian Government, Department of Health and Ageing.
Abstract: This manual has been developed as a concise source of standardised, currently available, information to assist health care workers.
Keywords: prevention; viral hepatitis; hepatitis C; recommendations or guidelines; Australia
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Dolan, K., Topp, L., & MacDonald, M. (2000). Needle and syringe programs : a review of the evidence. Sydney: Australian National Council on AIDS, Hepatitis C and Related Diseases (ANCAHRD).
Abstract: This Review summarises the literature on the provision of sterile injecting equipment to people who inject drugs and other related issues. The proportion of the Australian population thought to inject drugs is about one percent or approximately 275,000 people. The first case of HIV infection in a drug injector without other risk factors in Australia was detected in 1985. In the following year, a Needle and Syringe Program started in Australia. At that time, hepatitis C infection was already well established among drug injectors with more than half being infected2. Staff at Needle and Syringe Programs provide much more than injecting equipment. They are often the first point of contact with health services for people who inject drugs, facilitating the entry of many drug users into drug treatment. Some Programs also provide primary medical care to this disadvantaged section of Australians whose health is usually very poor. Needle and Syringe Programs have reduced the transmission of HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C. The size of the reduction of HIV transmission due to Needle and Syringe Programs has been calculated to be at least 30 percent. Australia’s Needle and Syringe Programs were estimated to have prevented almost 3,000 cases of HIV infection in 1991 alone, a saving of $266 million. HIV epidemics have occurred recently in some cities in North America where Needle and Syringe Programs existed. Arbitrary restrictions on the number of needles and syringes provided from the Programs are thought to have been a critical weakness in their effectiveness in preventing transmission of blood borne viral infections. Research has shown that Needle and Syringe Programs do not increase injecting drug use or the number of discarded needles and syringes. Even though Needle and Syringe Programs enjoy a high level of support from the public in Australia and abroad, they also attract some criticism. Objections to Needle and Syringe Programs include: concern about specific locations, the inconsistency in providing some free injecting equipment to drug injectors but not to people with diabetes, concern that the Programs are responsible for all discarded injecting equipment in a local area and that the Programs condone drug use. Some members of the public are concerned that they may receive a needlestick injury from a discarded needle and syringe and then become infected with HIV or hepatitis. No cases of HIV, hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection resulting from a needlestick injury due to discarded injection equipment have been identified although researchers have investigated the outcomes of such injuries. There is abundant evidence from Australia and other countries of the public health benefits of Needle and Syringe Programs. The US Secretary for Health and Human Services, Donna Shalala, has announced that: “This nation is fighting two deadly epidemics – AIDS and drug abuse. They are robbing us of far too many of our citizens and weakening our future. A meticulous scientific review has now proven that needle exchange programs can reduce the transmission of HIV and save lives without losing ground in the battle against illegal drugs. It offers communities that decide to pursue needle exchange programs yet another weapon in the fight against AIDS (20 April 1998)” Countries that have implemented these Programs have averted HIV epidemics among injecting drug users, while countries that have not implemented these measures have often experienced uncontrolled epidemics. There is strong evidence that if HIV becomes endemic among injecting drug users, HIV can then spread to their sexual partners and children resulting in high mortality rates and large social and economic costs to the entire population.
Keywords: harm reduction; needle distribution and exchange; program evaluation; international area; Australia
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Dolan, K., Topp, L., MacDonald, M., & Silins, E. (2005). Needle and syringe programs : a review of the evidence. Canberra: Australian Government, Department of Health and Ageing.
Abstract: This booklet summarises the literature on the provision of sterile needles and syringes to people who inject drugs and other related issues. The proportion of the Australian population thought to inject drugs is just under two percent, or approximately 313,500 people.1 The first case of HIV infection in a drug injector without other risk factors in Australia was detected in 1985. Needle and Syringe Programs started in Australia the following year. At that time, hepatitis C infection was already well established among drug injectors with more than half being infected.2 Workers at Needle and Syringe Programs do much more than just provide injecting equipment. They are often the first point of contact between health services and people who inject drugs. Needle and Syringe Program workers are able to provide education and information on healthcare issues and drug related harm and facilitate entry into drug treatment. Some Programs also provide primary medical care to this disadvantaged population who often have very poor health. Australian Governments invested $130 million in Needle and Syringe Programs between 1991 and 2000. This resulted in the prevention of an estimated 25,000 cases of HIV and 21,000 cases of hepatitis C among injecting drug users. The savings to the health system in avoided treatment costs over a lifetime are estimated to be between $2.4 and $7.7 billion.3 While Needle and Syringe Programs enjoy strong public support in Australia, there have from time to time been misunderstandings about their role. In the past, Needle and Syringe Programs have been accused of encouraging drug use and increasing the number of inappropriately discarded needles and syringes in public places. However, Australian and international studies have shown that neither of these concerns are supported by impressive evidence. Research has shown that Needle and Syringe Programs do not increase injecting drug use. This could be attributed to the ability of health workers to offer health information, drug education and referral into treatment. Some members of the public have also raised concerns about inappropriately discarded needles and syringes and the possibility of contracting HIV or hepatitis C from a discarded used needle. The chance of a member of the public contracting either HIV or hepatitis C from a discarded used needle is extremely low. Worldwide, there has never been a reported case of a member of the public contracting HIV in this way. Countries where Needle and Syringe Programs have been implemented have averted HIV epidemics among injecting drug users, while countries that have not implemented these measures have often experienced uncontrolled epidemics. There is strong evidence that if HIV becomes endemic among injecting drug users it can then spread to their sexual partners and children resulting in high mortality rates and large social and economic costs to the entire community. There is abundant evidence from Australia and international research of the substantial public health benefits of Needle and Syringe Programs. The Australian Medical Association supports Needle and Syringe Programs as one of a number of measures which prevent the spread of HIV and other blood borne diseases.
Keywords: harm reduction; needle distribution and exchange; program evaluation; international area; Australia
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various. (2008). La réduction des risques. Yverdon-les-Bains: Infodrog; Plate-forme réduction des risques du GREA.
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Kläusler-Senn, C., & Brunner, S. (2008). Jugendliche richtig anpacken : Früherkennung und Frühintervention bei gefährdeten Jugendlichen. Zürich: Fachverband Sucht; Bundesamt für Gesundheit (BAG).
Abstract: Dieses Handbuch erklärt, was es mit der Früherkennung und der Frühintervention auf sich hat. Es führt in leicht verständlicher Sprache in die Thematik ein, erklärt Begriffe rund um die Prävention und erläutert Beispiele guter Praxis. Die Broschüre richtet sich an alle interessierten Fachpersonen, die mit Jugendlichen zu tun haben.
Keywords: prevention; early identification
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Fabian, C., Dieth, D., & Czerwinski, J. (2006). Suchtprävention und Frühintervention in der Gemeinde : Praxishilfe zur bedarfsgerechten Planung : Voraussetzungen, Workshop, weiteres Vorgehen. Basel; Uster: Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz (FHNW), Hochschule für Soziale Arbeit; Suchtpräventionsstelle Zürich Oberland.
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various. (2007). Porto acolhe conferência do grupo pompidou : IDT divulga relatorio anual 2006 ( Dependências, Ed.). Senhora da Hora: Dependências.
Keywords: prevention; policy recommendations; AOD use, abuse, and dependence; family; treatment and maintenance; research
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Schlegel, F., & Wettstein, W. (2000). VIH : état actuel des connaissances sur le dépistage et le diagnostic : information à l'intention des médecins. Berne: Bundesamt für Gesundheit (BAG).
Keywords: health promotion; HIV infection; Aids
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Office fédéral de la santé publique. (2000). VIH/sida : rafraichissons nos connaissances : quelques rappels sur le VIH et le sida. Berne: Office fédéral de la santé publique (OFSP).
Keywords: health promotion; HIV infection; Aids
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