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Author |
Nadelmann, Ethan A. |
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Title |
Global prohibition regimes : the evolution of norms in international society |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1990 |
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International organization |
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Volume |
44 |
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4; 09/1990 |
Pages |
479-526 |
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Keywords |
miscellaneous; crime; crime prevention; law; criminal penalty; policy recommendations |
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Abstract |
The dynamics by which norms emerge and spread in international society have been the subject of strikingly little study. This article focuses on norms that prohibit, both in international law and in the domestic criminal laws of states, the involvement of state and nonstate actors in activities such as piracy, slavery, counterfeiting, drug trafficking, the hijacking of aircraft, and the killing of endangered animal species. It analyzes the manner in which these norms have evolved into and been institutionalized by global prohibition regimes and argues that there are two principal inducements to the formation and promotion of such regimes. The first is the inadequacy of unilateral and bilateral law enforcement measures in the face of criminal activities that transcend national borders. The second is the role of moral and emotional factors related to neither political nor economic advantage but instead involving religious beliefs, humanitarian sentiments, fears, prejudices, paternalism, faith in universalism, the individual conscience, and the compulsion to proselytize. The ultimate success or failure of an international regime in effectively suppressing a particular activity depends, however, not only on the degree of commitment to its norms or the extent of resources devoted to carrying out its goals but also on the vulnerability of the activity to its enforcement measures. |
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1531-5088 |
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29-034 |
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59311 |
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Author |
Edlin, Brian R. |
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Title |
Prevention and treatment of hepatitis C in injection drug users |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Hepatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
36 |
Issue |
5b |
Pages |
210-219 |
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Keywords |
health promotion; HIV infection; Aids |
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Injection drug users constitute the largest group of persons infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the United States, and most new infections occur in drug users. Controlling hepatitis C in the U.S. population, therefore, will require developing, testing, and implementing effective prevention and treatment strategies for persons who inject drugs. Fortunately, a substantial body of research and clinical experience exists on the prevention and management of chronic viral diseases among injection drug users. The need to implement interventions to stop the spread of HCV among drug users is critical. The capacity of substance-use treatment programs need to be expanded to accommodate all who want and need treatment. Physicians and pharmacists should be educated in how to provide access to sterile syringes and to teach safe injection techniques, both of which are lifesaving interventions. The treatment of hepatitis C in drug users requires an interdisciplinary approach that brings together expertise in treating hepatitis and caring for drug users. Treatment decisions should be made individually by patients with their physicians, based on a balanced assessment of risks and benefits and the patient’s personal values. Physicians should carefully assess, monitor, and support adherence and mental health in all patients, regardless of whether drug use is known or suspected. Research is needed to better understand how best to prevent and treat hepatitis C in substance users. In the meantime, substantial progress can be made if existing knowledge and resources are brought to bear. |
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1527-3350 |
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50-02829 |
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59757 |
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Hungerbuehler, Ines; Buecheli, Alexander; Schaub, Michael |
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Title |
Drug checking: a prevention measure for a heterogeneous group with high consumption frequency and polydrug use : evaluation of zurich's drug checking services |
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Journal |
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Year |
2011 |
Publication |
Harm reduction journal |
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8 |
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16; 10.06.2011 |
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6 |
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Keywords |
AOD consumption; adolescent; questionnaire; statistical data; research; physical and chemical analysis and measurement; Switzerland; Zurich |
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Background: The increasing party culture in Zurich presents new challenges, especially regarding the consumption of alcohol and so-called party drugs. Streetwork, the youth advisory service of the city of Zurich, has provided onsite and stationary Drug Checking facilities since 2001 and 2006, respectively. Drug Checking always involves filling out an anonymous questionnaire, which allows the collection of important information about a largely unknown group of users and their consumption patterns. Methods: The questionnaires assessed sociodemographic characteristics, consumption patterns, Drug Checking experiences, information behavior and social support. The collected data were statistically analyzed by the Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction (RIPHA). Results: The majority of Drug Checking service patrons were male and between 20 and 35 years old. These patrons reported high lifetime prevalences and high consumption frequencies of legal and illegal substances, and they often reported polydrug use. Aside from tobacco and alcohol, the most consumed drugs during typical party nights were ecstasy, amphetamines, cannabis and cocaine. Party drug consumers using Drug Checking services form a heterogeneous group with respect to sociodemographic characteristics and consumption patterns. Users of the onsite Drug Checking facilities were significantly younger, were less experienced with drug testing, and reported more polydrug use than users of the stationary Drug Checking service. Conclusions: Drug Checking combined with a consultation appears to be an important harm reduction and prevention measure that reaches a group of consumers with high consumption frequency and polydrug use. Because of the heterogeneity of the target group, different prevention measures must be offered and embedded in an overall local concept. |
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Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction (RIPHA) |
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Zurich |
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English |
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1477-7517 |
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Call Number |
50-11927 |
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59242 |
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Author |
Kuendig, Hervé; Hasselberg, Marie; Gmel, Gerhard; Daeppen, Jean-Bernard; Laflamme, Lucie |
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Title |
Acute and usual drinking among emergency trauma patients: a study on alcohol consumption and injury patterns |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
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Injury prevention |
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15 |
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4 |
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270-274 |
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Keywords |
addiction; AOD use, abuse, and dependence; chemical addiction; alcohol; AOD consumption; AOD effects and consequences; injury; risk factors; study; Switzerland; Lausanne |
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Objective: To investigate the relationship between usual and acute alcohol consumption among injured patients and, when combined, how they covary with other injury attributes. Methods: Data from a randomised sample of 486 injured patients interviewed in an emergency department (Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland) were analysed using the χ2 test for independence and cluster analysis. Results: Acute alcohol consumption (24.7%) was associated with usual drinking and particularly with high volumes of consumption. Six injury clusters were identified. Over-representations of acute consumption were found in a cluster typical of injuries sustained through interpersonal violence and in another formed by miscellaneous circumstances. A third cluster, typical of sports injuries, was linked to a group of frequent heavy episodic drinkers (without acute consumption). Conclusions: Among injured patients, acute alcohol consumption is common and associated with usual drinking. Acute and/or usual consumption form part of some, but not all, injury clusters. |
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1475-5785 |
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Call Number |
50-11638 |
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59918 |
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Author |
Smith, Lesley A.; Foxcroft, David R. |
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Title |
The effect of alcohol advertising, marketing and portrayal on drinking behaviour in young people : systematic review of prospective cohort studies |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2009 |
Publication |
BioMed Central Public Health |
Abbreviated Journal |
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9 |
Issue |
51; 06.02.2009 |
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11 |
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Keywords |
AOD use; alcohol; adolescent; young adult; marketing; advertising; AOD product advertising; exposure to AOD ad; media |
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Background: The effect of alcohol portrayals and advertising on the drinking behaviour of young people is a matter of much debate. We evaluated the relationship between exposure to alcohol advertising, marketing and portrayal on subsequent drinking behaviour in young people by systematic review of cohort (longitudinal) studies. Methods: studies were identified in October 2006 by searches of electronic databases, with no date restriction, supplemented with hand searches of reference lists of retrieved articles. Cohort studies that evaluated exposure to advertising or marketing or alcohol portrayals and drinking at baseline and assessed drinking behaviour at follow-up in young people were selected and reviewed. Results: seven cohort studies that followed up more than 13,000 young people aged 10 to 26 years old were reviewed. The studies evaluated a range of different alcohol advertisement and marketing exposures including print and broadcast media. Two studies measured the hours of TV and music video viewing. All measured drinking behaviour using a variety of outcome measures. Two studies evaluated drinkers and non-drinkers separately. Baseline non-drinkers were significantly more likely to have become a drinker at follow-up with greater exposure to alcohol advertisements. There was little difference in drinking frequency at follow-up in baseline drinkers. In studies that included drinkers and non-drinkers, increased exposure at baseline led to significant increased risk of drinking at follow-up. The strength of the relationship varied between studies but effect sizes were generally modest. All studies controlled for age and gender, however potential confounding factors adjusted for in analyses varied from study to study. Important risk factors such as peer drinking and parental attitudes and behaviour were not adequately accounted for in some studies. Conclusion: data from prospective cohort studies suggest there is an association between exposure to alcohol advertising or promotional activity and subsequent alcohol consumption in young people. Inferences about the modest effect sizes found are limited by the potential influence of residual or unmeasured confounding. |
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1471-2458 |
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50-10224 |
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59860 |
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Author |
Junod Perron, Noelle; Hudleson, Patricia |
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Title |
Somatisation : illness perspectives of asylum seeker and refugee patients from the former country of Yugoslavia |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2006 |
Publication |
BioMed Central Family Practice |
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7 |
Issue |
10; 15.02.2006 |
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7 |
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health services, prevention, and treatment research; treatment-provider-patient relations; migration; Yugoslavia; Switzerland; Geneva |
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Somatisation is particularly challenging in multicultural contexts where patients and physicians often differ in terms of their illness-related beliefs and practices and health care expectations. This paper reports on a exploratory study aimed at better understanding how asylum seeker and refugee patients from the former country of Yugoslavia who were identified by their physicians as somatising make sense of their suffering. |
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1471-2296 |
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50-00849 |
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59671 |
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Author |
Gmel, Gerhard; Gaume, Jacques; Faouzi, Mohamed; Kulling, Jean-Pierre; Daeppen, Jean-Bernard |
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Title |
Who drinks most of the total alcohol in young men : risky single occasion drinking as normative behaviour |
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Journal Article |
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2008 |
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Alcohol and alcoholism : international journal of the Medical Council on Alcohol |
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43 |
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6; 22.08.2008 |
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692-697 |
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AOD use; alcohol; adolescent; risk-taking behavior; Switzerland |
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Aims: The objectives of this study were to analyse (a) the distribution of risky single-occasion drinking (RSOD) among 19-year-old men in Switzerland and (b) to show the percentage of all alcohol consumption in the form of RSOD. Methods: The study was based on a census of Swiss francophone 19-year-old men consecutively reporting for processing. The study was conducted at Army Recruitment Center. The participants were 4116 recruits consecutively enrolling for mandatory army recruitment procedures between 23 January and 29 August in 2007. The measures were alcohol consumption measured in drinks of ∼10 g of pure alcohol, number of drinking occasions with six or more drinks (RSOD) in the past 12 months and a retrospective 1 week drinking diary. Results: 264 recruits were never seen by the research staff, 3536 of the remaining 3852 conscripts completed a questionnaire which showed that 7.2% abstained from alcohol and 75.5% of those drinking had an RSOD day at least monthly. The typical frequency of drinking was 1–3 days per week on weekends. The average quantity on weekends was about seven drinks, 69.3% of the total weekly consumption was in the form of RSOD days, and of all the alcohol consumed, 96.2% was by drinkers who had RSOD days at least once a month. Conclusion: Among young men, RSOD constitutes the norm. Prevention consequently must address the total population and not only high-risk drinkers. |
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1464-3502 (Online); 0735-0414 (Print) |
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50-13401 |
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59395 |
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Author |
Engels, Rutger; Hermans, Roel; van Baaren, Rick; Hollenstein, Tom; Bot, Sander |
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Special issue : The message and the media : alcohol portrayal on television affects actual drinking behaviour |
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Journal Article |
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2009 |
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Alcohol and alcoholism : international journal of the Medical Council on Alcohol |
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Volume |
44 |
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3; 05/2009 |
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244-249 |
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AOD use; alcohol; AOD product advertising; exposure to AOD ad; binge drinking; television; media; study |
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Special Issue “Alcohol, Media and Message” |
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1464-3502 |
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50-10174 |
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59370 |
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Author |
Maller, Cecily; Townsend, Mardie; Anita Pryor, Anita; Brown, Peter; St. Leger, Lawrence |
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Title |
Healthy nature healthy people: “contact with nature” as an upstream health promotion intervention for populations |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
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Health Promotion International |
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21 |
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1; 22.12.2005 |
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45-54 |
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physical environment; nature; mental health; public health; health promotion |
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Whilst urban-dwelling individuals who seek out parks and gardens appear to intuitively understand the personal health and well-being benefits arising from ‘contact with nature’, public health strategies are yet to maximize the untapped resource nature provides, including the benefits of nature contact as an upstream health promotion intervention for populations. This paper presents a summary of empirical, theoretical and anecdotal evidence drawn from a literature review of the human health benefits of contact with nature. Initial findings indicate that nature plays a vital role in human health and well-being, and that parks and nature reserves play a significant role by providing access to nature for individuals. Implications suggest contact with nature may provide an effective population-wide strategy in prevention of mental ill health, with potential application for sub-populations, communities and individuals at higher risk of ill health. Recommendations include further investigation of ‘contact with nature’ in population health, and examination of the benefits of nature-based interventions. To maximize use of ‘contact with nature’ in the health promotion of populations, collaborative strategies between researchers and primary health, social services, urban planning and environmental management sectors are required. This approach offers not only an augmentation of existing health promotion and prevention activities, but provides the basis for a socio-ecological approach to public health that incorporates environmental sustainability. |
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1460-2245 (electronic); 0957-4824 (paper) |
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50-11790 |
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59940 |
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Author |
Hudleson, Patricia |
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Improving patient-provider communication : insights from interpreters |
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Journal Article |
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2005 |
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Family practice : an international journal |
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22 |
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3; 06/2005 |
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311-316 |
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health promotion; health services, prevention, and treatment research; treatment-provider-patient relations; migration; Geneva |
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It is important for physicians to recognize and address potential cross-cultural communication barriers with their patients. Several studies have demonstrated the importance of trained medical interpreters for ensuring effective patient-provider communication. Medical interpreters also represent an untapped source of insight into common communication problems. Such insights can contribute to strengthening physicians’ cross cultural communication skills. |
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1460-2229 Online ; 0263-2136 Print |
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50-00848 |
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59670 |
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