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European Harm Reduction Network. (2011). Promoting harm reduction approaches within Europe. London: European Harm Reduction Network (EuroHRN).
Keywords: harm reduction; cooperation; conference; international area; internet; Europe
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2012). Responding to drug use and related problems in recreational settings. Thematic papers. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA).
Abstract: Throughout the year, bars, nightclubs, discotheques and other recreational venues provide young Europeans with opportunities to socialise and dance, often offering entertainment such as concerts and dance parties. In addition, large music festivals that are organised mostly during the summer months attract thousands of visitors. Surveys show that in many recreational venues the use of drugs is more prevalent than in the general population (EMCDDA, 2006).
Keywords: AOD use; AOD associated consequences; public AOD use; policy recommendations; prevalence; Europe
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European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. (2012). Joint ECDC and EMCDDA rapid risk assessment : epidemiological update: anthrax cases among injecting drug users, June-July 2012 : update, 13 July 2012. Stockholm: Author.
Abstract: As of 10 July 2012, five cases of anthrax have been reported among injecting drug users (IDUs) from Germany (n=3), Denmark (n=1) and France (n=1). Reported dates of onset in all five cases range between early June 2012 and 11 July 2012. One German case and the case from Denmark have died. The first two cases from Germany are likely linked through exposure to heroin contaminated by a most likely identical Bacillus anthracis strain (based on molecular typing results). For the third German case there is also some laboratory evidence that the strain could be identical with the outbreak strain, but due to the limited amount of DNA, further typing is not possible. The link of the remaining two cases, though probable, needs to be confirmed through molecular typing. The geographical distribution of the potentially contaminated heroin is unknown at this time, but it is possible it has the same source as the contaminated heroin incriminated in the 2009/2010 outbreak in Scotland (with cases also reported from Germany and England). The risk of exposure for heroin users in European Union (EU) countries is presumably still present and therefore it is not excluded that additional cases among IDUs will be identified in the near future. Information could be disseminated to health care workers, drug treatment and harm reduction centres describing the symptoms of anthrax infection to ensure early treatment, and urging the provision of appropriately-dosed opiate substitution treatment to prevent further anthrax cases.
Keywords: addiction; heroin; AOD induced risk; drug safety; heroin-assisted treatment; prevention through education; information transfer; AODR mortality; risk assessment; Europe
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Office of National Drug Control Policy. (2011). 2011 national drug control strategy : executive summary (Office of National Drug Control Policy, Ed.). Washington: Executive Office of the President of the United States.
Keywords: prevention; treatment and maintenance; law enforcement; government and politics; AOD public policy strategy; public policy on AOD; public policy on illicit drugs; addiction; AOD use, abuse, and dependence; AODR crime; drug dealing; drug trafficking; illegal production of drugs; illicit drug industry; drug market; prevention through education; adolescent; cooperation; United States; international area
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Office of National Drug Control Policy. (2012). The 2012 national drug control srategy : bilding on a record of reform : executive summary (Office of National Drug Control Policy, Ed.). Washington: Executive Office of the President of the United States.
Keywords: prevention; treatment and maintenance; law enforcement; government and politics; AOD public policy strategy; public policy on AOD; public policy on illicit drugs; addiction; AOD use, abuse, and dependence; AODR crime; drug dealing; drug trafficking; illegal production of drugs; illicit drug industry; drug market; prevention through education; adolescent; cooperation; United States; international area
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013). Models for the legal supply of cannabis : recent developments. Lisbon: Author.
Abstract: The international legal framework on drug control is provided by three United Nations Conventions, which instruct countries to limit drug supply and use to medical and scientific purposes. Nevertheless, there continues to be increasing debate over decriminalisation, or even legalisation, of drugs, and of cannabis in particular. Such proposals raise concerns over increases in use and harms and questions about the ways in which the distribution of cannabis for non-medical purposes could be carefully regulated to mitigate these. In the EU, a system of limited distribution has evolved in the Netherlands since the1970s, with further developments in 2012.
Keywords: laws and regulations; public policy on AOD; illicit drug; cannabis; drug decriminalization; drug legalization; harm reduction; AOD sales outlet; AOD supply; international area; Europe; European Union
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013). Emergency health consequences of cocaine use in Europe (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Ed.). Lisbon.
Abstract: Every year, several thousands of cocaine-related emergencies are reported in Europe, along with hundreds of cocaine-related deaths. The types of cocaine-related problems reported are wide ranging and the relatively high prevalence of cocaine use in the general population means that there is likely to be a significant impact on overall public health.
Keywords: public health; AOD use; prevalence; AOD effects and AODR problems; adverse drug effect; AOD induced risk; AODR mortality; emergency care; cocaine; Europe; European Union
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013). Controlling new psychoactive substances. Lisbon: Author.
Abstract: Recent years have witnessed a proliferation of new psychoactive substances becoming available in Europe. This can be illustrated through the rise in notifications of new substances to the EU early warning system, from just 14 per year in 2005 to 73 in 2012. Some of these substances will find their way on to the market, packaged and promoted as ’natural’ or ’legal’ products, in specialised physical and online shops. In particular, Internet sales of new drugs means that the expanding global network cuts across national boundaries and jurisdictions.
Keywords: public policy on AOD; laws and regulations; psychoactive substances; internet; AOD sales outlet; drug trafficking; international area; Europe; European Union
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013). Characteristics of frequent and high-risk cannabis users. Lisbon: Author.
Abstract: Cannabis is Europe’s most commonly used illicit drug, with approximately 20 million adults, or around 6% of the population aged 15-64 years, having used the drug in the last year. An indication of the public health impact of the drug can be seen in the numbers entering specialised treatment in Europe for drugrelated problems, among whom cannabisis the second most frequently reported drug, after heroin. Against this backdrop, identifying the characteristics of frequentand high-risk cannabis users can help with the identification and design of interventions for those cannabis users most at risk of experiencing problems.
Keywords: public health; public policy on AOD; intervention (persuasion to treatment); risk; AOD use pattern; illicit drug; cannabis; treatment and maintenance; statistical data; Europe; European Union
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013). Hepatitis C treatment for injecting drug users. Lisbon: Author.
Abstract: Hepatitis C is the most common infectious disease in injecting drug users, among whom it is usually transmitted through the sharing of injecting equipment such as needles and syringes. Most of those who become infected go on to develop chronic HCV infection, which can lead to severe health problems in individuals and place a major burden on health care systems. Yet hepatitis C is both preventable and curable, and interventions in this field, particularly the development of new medicines to treat hepatitis C, are making rapid progress.
Keywords: intravenous drug user; needle sharing; infection; viral hepatitis; hepatitis C; statistical data; Europe; European Union
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