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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction |
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Title |
Guidelines for the treatment of drug dependence: a European perspective |
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Report |
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2011 |
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23 |
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Aod; AOD use, abuse, and dependence; drug; drug dependent; addiction; illicit drug; opioids in any form; heroin; evaluation; treatment and maintenance; treatment and patient care; Europe; report |
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The last two decades have witnessed an increase in the development of treatment guidelines in the European drugs field. This has largely built on a body of evidence on the treatment of drug dependence that has developed since the 1980s, alongside a growing interest in, and understanding of, the eff ectiveness of interventions. A range of tools became available to translate evidence into satisfactory and sustainable results, among them : guidelines and standards, education and training, implementation and assessment, monitoring, and accreditation systems based on quality standards. The focus of this Selected issue is drug dependence treatment guidelines – one of the main measures used to improve and guarantee the quality of drug treatment provision. The focus on drug dependence treatment is timely and appropriate, as current estimates suggest that at least 1.1 million people were treated for illicit drug use in the European Union, Croatia, Turkey and Norway during 2009 (1). This is the consequence of a major expansion of specialised outpatient services during the last twenty years, with the significant inclusion of primary healthcare, self-help groups, general mental health services, and outreach and low-threshold service providers. While more than half of clients received opioid substitution treatment, a substantial number received other forms of treatment for problems related to opioids, stimulants, cannabis and other illicit drugs. The main modalities used for the treatment of drug problems in Europe are opioid substitution, detoxification and psychosocial interventions. Drug dependence treatment services are provided in a variety of settings: specialised treatment units (including outpatient and inpatient centres), mental health clinics and hospitals, units in prison, lowthreshold agencies and by offi ce-based general practitioners. Particularly in western Europe, there appears to have been a gradual shift away from a view of drug dependence treatment as the responsibility of a few specialist disciplines providing intensive, short-term interventions towards a multidisciplinary, integrated and longer-term approach. Evidence suggests that continuous care and integrated treatment responses may be aided by the development and use of guidelines, care protocols and case management by all the relevant service providers (Haggerty et al., 2003). This publication sets out to introduce the topic of treatment quality improvement by the development of guidelines (and other documents), and to provide an overview of the existing national guidelines for the treatment of drug dependence in Europe. |
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Publications Office of the European Union |
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Luxembourg |
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no |
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50-12182 |
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50913 |
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Author |
Medical Working Group |
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Title |
Substance misuse detainees in police custody : guidelines for clinical management |
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Report |
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2011 |
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xiii, 66 |
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AOD use, abuse, and dependence; harm reduction; report; recommendations or guidelines; United Kingdom |
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The guidelines recognise that the assessment and treatment of substance misusers present forensic physicians with particular challenges that require certain skills and experience to ensure appropriate management. They stress the importance of good communication, of working closely with custody officers and of shared responsibility for the safety and care of detainees with substance misuse. In particular, they stress the importance of : the full participation of forensic physicians in all aspects and at all stages of the healthcare of detainees with substance misuse/dependence providing advice to custody officers and others involved with detainees with substance misuse/dependence comprehensive contemporaneous records appropriate sharing of information in accordance with the law and the General Medical Council’s advice on professional confidentiality being aware when making all interventions that the interests of the detainee as a patient are paramount. We believe that these guidelines will be of immense value to all practitioners in helping and supporting detainees and that they will also be useful for teaching purposes for medical and nursing staff and arrest referral officers. |
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Royal College of Psychiatrists |
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London |
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English |
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50-12208 |
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50918 |
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International Narcotics Control Board |
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Title |
International Narcotics Control Board : report 2011 |
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2012 |
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ix, 123 |
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government and politics; laws and regulations; international area; Europe; Africa; America; Asia; Oceania |
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United Nations (UN), International Narcotics Control Board (INCB) |
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Vienna |
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English |
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Aussi disponible en français: 50-12287 |
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50-12286 |
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50924 |
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Author |
National Advisory Committee on Drugs |
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Title |
A family affair? : supporting children living with parental substance misuse : a report of a national conference held in October 2011 |
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2011 |
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22, appendices |
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AOD consumption; child; parent; family; familial alcoholism; public policy; prevention; conference; report; international area; Ireland |
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This conference originated from the findings of a literature review carried out by Dr. Justine Horgan, Senior Researcher National Advisory Committee on Drugs on the impact of parental substance misuse on children. The main finding of this review was that parental substance misuse can, and does, negatively impact on the health, development and welfare of children including both abuse and neglect. As children’s welfare and protection is a major governmental and societal priority, this conference was timely and the invitation by the NACD to the HSE and alcohol Action Ireland to become co-sponsors of the conference ensured the widest possible dissemination of the findings. The organisers welcomed the presence of two Ministers who were fully supportive of the aims of the conference. The presence of senior managers from the HSE Addiction and Children and Families Services was also key to the recognition of this as a conjoint managerial responsibility. This was the first national conference addressing the impact of parental substance misuse on children and the first combined gathering of staff working in addiction, child welfare and protection services from the community, statutory and voluntary sectors. Such a large gathering enabled the sharing of observations and experiences and an exchange of views on the challenges involved in early intervention and interagency work in the context of diminishing resources. The conference also highlighted the importance of public policy with local implementation supported by adequate resources. One such policy, the Hidden Harm strategy in Northern Ireland, highlights the need, as a main objective of policy and practice, to reduce the harm to children from parental substance misuse. This strategy also recognises that effective treatment of the parent can have major benefits for the child and that by working together, services can take many practical steps to protect and improve the health and well-being of affected children. Furthermore, recognition that problems affecting children will only decrease when the number of people with harmful drinking patterns and problem drug use diminishes is of critical importance as are the relevant strategies aimed at implementing such reductions. Points from the Hidden Harm strategy are re-iterated by the following key findings from our national conference as follows: 1. All services, including child, family and adult services need to view the welfare of the child as paramount. Agencies need to work together, taking a child-centred approach, supporting the whole family to meet their child’s needs. 2. Adult drug and alcohol services have a duty to consider and assess how the adult’s behaviour may be affecting the children in their care 3. Invest in prevention and early intervention services 4. Provide services and supports directly to children 5. Ensure organisations are clear about their responsibilities under Children First. Putting Children First on a legislative basis would ensure that organisations have a duty to work together in the interests of the child. 6. Policies that reduce substance misuse consumption levels can reduce the level of harm to children living with parental substance misuse problems. This conference provided a forum to respond to a literature review which clearly identifies that parental substance misuse is a most serious challenge to child welfare and child protection in modern Ireland. The challenge now is to recognise this issue as current, even though largely invisible and to take the necessary steps to implement the policies and measures required to safeguard and protect children now and for future generations. |
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National Advisory Committee on Drugs, alcohol Action Ireland, HSE Social Inclusion Department, |
Place of Publication |
Dublin |
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English |
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Call Number |
50-12294 |
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50926 |
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Author |
Science Group of the European Alcohol and Health Forum |
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Title |
Alcohol, work and productivity |
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Report |
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Year |
2011 |
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69, appendix |
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AOD use, abuse, and dependence; alcohol; work; workplace AOD policy; workplace context; public health; health promotion; public policy on alcohol; harm reduction; prevention; prevention program; report |
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The European alcohol and Health Forum2 requested in the spring of 2010 the Science Group to provide a summary of the evidence base and advice for possible actions by Forum members to address the Strategy’s goals of preventing alcohol-related harm among adults and reducing the negative impact on the workplace (Annex I). In particular, the Science Group was asked to provide: 1. A quantification of the impact on alcohol on the workplace, and an evaluation of the effects on the productivity of the EU workforce. 2. A concise overview of the current state of play across Europe, highlighting key trends and/or any variations in national or sector experiences as well as between larger or smaller workplace settings. 3. Any pointers towards: (a) High value options for additional research or collection of additional data and indicators; (b) Effective approaches to consider for wider deployment in more workplace settings,including any guidance as to the need for prioritisation of action targeting particular sectoral, professional or age specific groups. The Chair of the Science Group suggested the establishment of a dedicated Working Group to prepare a scientific report on the topic. The Working Group consisted of the following persons: Professor Peter Anderson (chair), Dr. Marjana Martinic, Dr. Anders Romelsjö. The report in Part I deals with items 1 and 3 of the above task requests. The content of the report includes the impact of alcohol on productivity both in work (absenteeism and presenteeism) as well as out of work (unemployment) as these are all related, particularly in times of economic downturn, when workers need to be re integrated back into the workforce. The report in Part II, Approaches to reducing alcohol related harm in the workplace, describes a number of workplace interventions in practice implemented by beverage alcohol producer companies. While workplace interventions are applied across many industries and sectors, these companies were selected because they are members of the alcohol and Health Forum and information about their practices was accessible to the Science group. |
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Science Group of the European alcohol and Health Forum |
Place of Publication |
Bruxelles |
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English |
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50-12306 |
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50927 |
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Author |
European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction |
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Title |
A definition of “drug mules” for use in a European context |
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Report |
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2012 |
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45 |
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AOD use, abuse, and dependence; AOD demand; drug market; drug smuggling; drug trafficking; research; Europe |
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Drug trafficking is no longer considered solely a social ill or a domestic issue, but is now presented as a matter of European security (1). In the European Union (EU) vast amounts of resources are spent on securing external and internal borders against illegal drugs and punishing those who break drug laws (2); however, research in the area is still, comparatively, in its infancy. Very little is known about the operation of drug markets or about state and non-state responses to drug markets and the effects of these. There remains a disconnect between theoretical models and regular data gathering that empirical research has so far been unable to bridge. Thus, the aim of this project was to reassess the ontological assumptions that have been underpinning drug market research and informing research choices to determine whether a more comprehensive and comparative approach might be more useful in the future |
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) |
Place of Publication |
Lisbon |
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English |
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1725-5767 |
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978-92-9168-498-4 |
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50-12423 |
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50939 |
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WHO Regional Office for Europe |
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Title |
Action plan for the implementation of the European strategy for the prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases 2012-2016 |
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2012 |
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149, appendix |
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noncommunicable disease; mental health; violence; infection; political action committee; prevention; public health; public policy; health promotion; Europe |
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Investing in prevention and improved control of noncommunicable diseases (NCD) will reduce premature death and preventable morbidity and disability, and improve the quality of life and well-being of people and societies. No less than 86% of deaths and 77% of the disease burden in the WHO European Region are caused by this broad group of disorders, which show an epidemiological distribution with great inequalities reflecting a social gradient, while they are linked by common risk factors, underlying determinants and opportunities for intervention. This document contains an action plan for implementation of the European Strategy for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases. Taking account of Members States’ existing commitments, it focuses on priority action areas and interventions for the next five years (2012–2016) within a comprehensive and integrated framework. It has been developed through a consultative process, guided by the Standing Committee of the Regional Committee, and including meetings of NCD focal points and of the European Health Policy Forum for High-Level Government Officials. Its formulation has taken place against a backdrop of development of the new European health policy (Health 2020) and the Public Health Framework for Action, as well as the First Global Ministerial Conference on Healthy Lifestyles and Noncommunicable Disease Control (Moscow, April 2011) and the United Nations high-level Meeting on Noncommunicable Diseases (New York, September 2011) and takes account of these processes. |
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World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for Europe |
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Copenhagen |
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English |
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50-12527 |
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50941 |
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WHO Regional Office for Europe |
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Title |
Alcochol in the European Union : consumption, harm and policy approaches |
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2012 |
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149, appendix |
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AOD use; alcohol; public health; public policy; health promotion; harm reduction; survey; Europe |
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alcohol is one of the world’s top three priority areas in public health. Even though only half the global population drinks alcohol, it is the world’s third leading cause of ill health and premature death, after low birth weight and unsafe sex, and greater than tobacco. In Europe, alcohol is also the third leading risk factor for disease and mortality after tobacco and high blood pressure. This report presents the latest literature overview of effective alcohol policies, and includes data from the European Union, Norway and Switzerland in the areas of alcohol consumption, harm and policy approaches. The data presented were collected from a survey in 2011. |
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World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for Europe |
Place of Publication |
Copenhagen |
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Anderson, Peter; Moller, Lars; Galea, Gauden |
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English |
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50-12528 |
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50942 |
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Hibell, Björn; Guttormsson, Ulf; Ahlström, Salme; Balakireva, Olga; Bjarnason, Thoroddur; Kokkevi, Anna; Kraus, Ludwig |
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Summary : the 2011 ESPAD report : substance use among students in 35 countries |
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2012 |
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22 |
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AOD use; drug consumption; tobacco product; cannabis; smoking; illicit drug; drug user; adolescent; gender; survey; statistical data; incidence; Europe |
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The main purpose of the European School Survey Project on alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) is to collect comparable data on substance use among 15- to 16-year-old European students in order to monitor trends within as well as between countries. So far, five data-collection waves have been conducted in the framework of the project. The first study was carried out in 26 countries in 1995, while data collection in 2011 was performed in 37 countries. However, results for 2011 are available only for 36 countries, since the Isle of Man collected data but unfortunately did not have the possibility to deliver any results. This summary presents key results from the 2011 survey in the ESPAD countries as well as findings regarding the long-term trends. An initial section gives a short overview of the methodology. Independent research teams in the participating countries form the basis of the collaborative project. In the 2011 ESPAD data collection, more than 100 000 students took part in the following countries: Albania, Belgium (Flanders), Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republic of Srpska), Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, the Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany (five Bundesländer), Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, the Isle of Man, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, the Russian Federation (Moscow), Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Ukraine and the United Kingdom. Spain, like the United States, is not an ESPAD country. However, as a result of close collaboration with the ESPAD project since 1995, data from the Spanish National Students Drug Survey have been included when comparable/feasible, and are available throughout the 2011 ESPAD Report. |
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Publications Office of the European Union |
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Luxembourg |
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction |
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English |
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50-12599 |
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50962 |
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction |
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EMCDDA trend report for the evaluation of the 2005-12 EU drugs strategy |
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2012 |
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64 |
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AOD use; cannabis; amphetamines; ecstasy; cocaine; hallucinogens; gamma-hydroxybutyric acid; ketamine; opioids in any form; HIV infection; Aids; hepatitis C; AODR mortality; AOD supply; law; monitoring; internet; drug market; drug trafficking; public policy; prevention; treatment and maintenance; harm reduction; prison-based health service; prison-based prevention; recommendations or guidelines; international area; Europe |
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This report was compiled as a supporting document for the evaluation of the 2005-12 EU drugs strategy and its two action plans: 2005-08 and 2009-12. It reviews the main trends and changes in the European drug situation and in the responses developed by the EU Member States. Four main areas are covered by the report: drug use and drug-related problems; drug supply; drug policies; and demand reduction interventions. |
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) |
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Lisbon |
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English |
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50-12601 |
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50963 |
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