| Records |
| Author |
Ansermot, Nicolas; Albayrak, Özgür; Schläpfer, Jürg; Crettol, Séverine; Croquette, Marina; Bourquin, Michel; Déglon, Jean-Jacques; Faouzi, Mohamed; Scherbaum, Norbert; Eap, Chin B. |
| Title |
Substitution of (R,S)-methadone by (R)-methadone : impact on QTc interval |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2010 |
Publication |
Archives of Internal Medicine |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
170 |
Issue |
6 |
Pages |
529-536 |
| Keywords |
methadone; opioids in any form; narcotic analgesics; drug substitution therapy; empirical study; statistical data |
| Abstract |
BACKGROUND: Methadone is administered as a chiral mixture of (R,S)-methadone. The opioid effect is mainly mediated by (R)-methadone, whereas (S)-methadone blocks the human ether-à-go-go-related gene (hERG) voltage-gated potassium channel more potently, which can cause drug-induced long QT syndrome, leading to potentially lethal ventricular tachyarrhythmias. METHODS: To investigate whether substitution of (R,S)-methadone by (R)-methadone could reduce the corrected QT (QTc) interval, (R,S)-methadone was replaced by (R)-methadone (half-dose) in 39 opioid-dependent patients receiving maintenance treatment for 14 days. (R)-methadone was then replaced by the initial dose of (R,S)-methadone for 14 days (n = 29). Trough (R)-methadone and (S)-methadone plasma levels and electrocardiogram measurements were taken. RESULTS: The Fridericia-corrected QT (QTcF) interval decreased when (R,S)-methadone was replaced by a half-dose of (R)-methadone; the median (interquartile range [IQR]) values were 423 (398-440) milliseconds (ms) and 412 (395-431) ms (P = .06) at days 0 and 14, respectively. Using a univariate mixed-effect linear model, the QTcF value decreased by a mean of -3.9 ms (95% confidence interval [CI], -7.7 to -0.2) per week (P = .04). The QTcF value increased when (R)-methadone was replaced by the initial dose of (R,S)-methadone for 14 days; median (IQR) values were 424 (398-436) ms and 424 (412-443) ms (P = .01) at days 14 and 28, respectively. The univariate model showed that the QTcF value increased by a mean of 4.7 ms (95% CI, 1.3-8.1) per week (P = .006). CONCLUSIONS: Substitution of (R,S)-methadone by (R)-methadone reduces the QTc interval value. A safer cardiac profile of (R)-methadone is in agreement with previous in vitro and pharmacogenetic studies. If the present results are confirmed by larger studies, (R)-methadone should be prescribed instead of (R,S)-methadone to reduce the risk of cardiac toxic effects and sudden death. |
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0003-9926 |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
50-11821 |
Serial |
59945 |
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| Author |
Dolan, Kate; Kimber, Jo; Fry, Craig; Fitzgerald, John L.; McDonald, David; Trautmann, Franz |
| Title |
Harm reduction digest 10 : Drug consumption facilities in Europe and the establishment of supervised injecting centres in Australia |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2000 |
Publication |
Drug and alcohol review |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
19 |
Issue |
3 |
Pages |
337-346 |
| Keywords |
harm reduction; contact center; injection room; Europe; Australia |
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| ISSN |
0959-5236 |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
50-11813 |
Serial |
59944 |
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| Author |
Holloway, Kathy; Bennett, Trevor |
| Title |
Gender differences in drug misuse and related problem behaviors among arrestees in the UK |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Substance use and misuse |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
42 |
Issue |
6; 06.05.2007 |
Pages |
899-921 |
| Keywords |
treatment and maintenance; prison; gender differences; AOD use; AOD misuse; AOD dependence; AODR crime; United Kingdom |
| Abstract |
Traditionally, the addiction literature has focused on male drug users and less attention has been given to female users. More recently, research investigating gender differences in drug use and associated problem behaviors has emerged. This article contributes to the growing research base by drawing on data collected from structured interviews with 2,682 male and 453 female arrestees conducted as part of the New English and Welsh Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (1999-2002) program. Clear gender differences in drug use and associated behaviors are identified. Women were found to be more serious drug users and to experience more associated problems than men. The research and policy implications of the research are discussed and the study’s limitations are noted. |
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1532-2491 (electronic); 1082-6084 (paper) |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
50-11806 |
Serial |
59943 |
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| Author |
Volkow, Nora D.; Fowler, Joanna S.; Wang, Gene-Jack |
| Title |
The addicted human brain : insights from imaging studies |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2003 |
Publication |
The Journal of clinical investigation |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
111 |
Issue |
10; 05/2003 |
Pages |
1444-1451 |
| Keywords |
addiction; brain; neuroscience (field); neurobiology (field); research |
| Abstract |
Imaging studies have revealed neurochemical and functional changes in the brains of drug-addicted subjects that provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying addiction. Neurochemical studies have shown that large and fast increases in dopamine are associated with the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse, but also that after chronic drug abuse and during withdrawal, brain dopamine function is markedly decreased and these decreases are associated with dysfunction of prefrontal regions (including orbitofrontal cortex and cingulate gyrus). The changes in brain dopamine function are likely to result in decreased sensitivity to natural reinforcers since dopamine also mediates the reinforcing effects of natural reinforcers and on disruption of frontal cortical functions, such as inhibitory control and salience attribution. Functional imaging studies have shown that during drug intoxication, or during craving, these frontal regions become activated as part of a complex pattern that includes brain circuits involved with reward (nucleus accumbens), motivation (orbitofrontal cortex), memory (amygdala and hippocampus), and cognitive control (prefrontal cortex and cingulate gyrus). Here, we integrate these findings and propose a model that attempts to explain the loss of control and compulsive drug intake that characterize addiction. Specifically, we propose that in drug addiction the value of the drug and drug-related stimuli is enhanced at the expense of other reinforcers. This is a consequence of conditioned learning and of the resetting of reward thresholds as an adaptation to the high levels of stimulation induced by drugs of abuse. In this model, during exposure to the drug or drug-related cues, the memory of the expected reward results in overactivation of the reward and motivation circuits while decreasing the activity in the cognitive control circuit. This contributes to an inability to inhibit the drive to seek and consume the drug and results in compulsive drug intake. This model has implications for therapy, for it suggests a multi-prong approach that targets strategies to decrease the rewarding properties of drugs, to enhance the rewarding properties of alternative reinforcers, to interfere with conditioned-learned associations, and to strengthen cognitive control in the treatment of drug addiction. |
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English |
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| ISSN |
0021-9738 |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
50-11804 |
Serial |
59942 |
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| Author |
Schütze, Madlen; Boeing, Heiner; Pischon, Tobias; various |
| Title |
alcohol attributable burden of incidence of cancer in eight European countries based on results from prospective cohort study |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2011 |
Publication |
British medical journal |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
online first; 04.01.2011 |
Pages |
10 |
| Keywords |
cancer; alcohol; social and economic cost of AOD; statistical data; research; Europe; study |
| Abstract |
OBJECTIVE:To compute the burden of cancer attributable to current and former alcohol consumption in eight European countries based on direct relative risk estimates from a cohort study. DESIGN: Combination of prospective cohort study with representative population based data on alcohol exposure. Setting Eight countries (France, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Greece, Germany, Denmark) participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. PARTICIPANTS: 109,118 men and 254,870 women, mainly aged 37-70. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Hazard rate ratios expressing the relative risk of cancer incidence for former and current alcohol consumption among EPIC participants. Hazard rate ratios combined with representative information on alcohol consumption to calculate alcohol attributable fractions of causally related cancers by country and sex. Partial alcohol attributable fractions for consumption higher than the recommended upper limit (two drinks a day for men with about 24 g alcohol, one for women with about 12 g alcohol) and the estimated total annual number of cases of alcohol attributable cancer. RESULTS: If we assume causality, among men and women, 10% (95% confidence interval 7 to 13%) and 3% (1 to 5%) of the incidence of total cancer was attributable to former and current alcohol consumption in the selected European countries. For selected cancers the figures were 44% (31 to 56%) and 25% (5 to 46%) for upper aerodigestive tract, 33% (11 to 54%) and 18% (-3 to 38%) for liver, 17% (10 to 25%) and 4% (-1 to 10%) for colorectal cancer for men and women, respectively, and 5.0% (2 to 8%) for female breast cancer. A substantial part of the alcohol attributable fraction in 2008 was associated with alcohol consumption higher than the recommended upper limit: 33,037 of 178,578 alcohol related cancer cases in men and 17,470 of 397,043 alcohol related cases in women. CONCLUSIONS:In western Europe, an important proportion of cases of cancer can be attributable to alcohol consumption, especially consumption higher than the recommended upper limits. These data support current political efforts to reduce or to abstain from alcohol consumption to reduce the incidence of cancer. |
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English |
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0959-535x |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
50-11797 |
Serial |
59941 |
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| Author |
Maller, Cecily; Townsend, Mardie; Anita Pryor, Anita; Brown, Peter; St. Leger, Lawrence |
| Title |
Healthy nature healthy people: “contact with nature” as an upstream health promotion intervention for populations |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2005 |
Publication |
Health Promotion International |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
21 |
Issue |
1; 22.12.2005 |
Pages |
45-54 |
| Keywords |
physical environment; nature; mental health; public health; health promotion |
| Abstract |
Whilst urban-dwelling individuals who seek out parks and gardens appear to intuitively understand the personal health and well-being benefits arising from ‘contact with nature’, public health strategies are yet to maximize the untapped resource nature provides, including the benefits of nature contact as an upstream health promotion intervention for populations. This paper presents a summary of empirical, theoretical and anecdotal evidence drawn from a literature review of the human health benefits of contact with nature. Initial findings indicate that nature plays a vital role in human health and well-being, and that parks and nature reserves play a significant role by providing access to nature for individuals. Implications suggest contact with nature may provide an effective population-wide strategy in prevention of mental ill health, with potential application for sub-populations, communities and individuals at higher risk of ill health. Recommendations include further investigation of ‘contact with nature’ in population health, and examination of the benefits of nature-based interventions. To maximize use of ‘contact with nature’ in the health promotion of populations, collaborative strategies between researchers and primary health, social services, urban planning and environmental management sectors are required. This approach offers not only an augmentation of existing health promotion and prevention activities, but provides the basis for a socio-ecological approach to public health that incorporates environmental sustainability. |
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1460-2245 (electronic); 0957-4824 (paper) |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
50-11790 |
Serial |
59940 |
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| Author |
Dole, Vincent P. |
| Title |
What have we learned from three decades of methadone maintenance treatment? |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Drug and alcohol review |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
13 |
Issue |
1 |
Pages |
3-4 |
| Keywords |
treatment and maintenance; methadone maintenance; history; international area; drug substitution therapy |
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0959-5236 |
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no |
| Call Number |
50-11779 |
Serial |
59937 |
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| Author |
Abel, Thomas |
| Title |
Cultural capital and social inequality in health |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
2007 |
Publication |
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
62 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
20 |
| Keywords |
health; health-related behavior; social inequality; type of society and culture; sociology |
| Abstract |
Economic and social resources are known to contribute to the unequal distribution of health outcomes. Culture related factors such as normative beliefs, knowledge and behaviours have also been shown to be associated with health status. This paper addresses the role and function of cultural resources in the unequal distribution of health. Drawing on the work of French Sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, the paper explores the concept of cultural capital for its contribution to the current understanding of social inequalities in health. It suggests that class related cultural resources interact with economic and social capital in the social structuring of people’s health chances and choices. The paper concludes that cultural capital is a key element in the behavioural transformation of social inequality into health inequality. New directions for empirical research on the interplay between economic, social and cultural capital are outlined. |
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| ISSN |
0143-005x |
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no |
| Call Number |
50-11781 |
Serial |
59938 |
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| Author |
Turner, Barbara J.; Markson, Leona; Hauck, Walter; Cocroft, James; Fanning, Thomas |
| Title |
Prenatal care of HIV-infected women : analysis of a large New York state cohort |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes and human retrovirology : official publication of the International Retrovirology Association |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
8 |
Issue |
9 |
Pages |
371-379 |
| Keywords |
treatment and maintenance; methadone maintenance; woman; pregnancy; HIV infection; prenatal care; United States; New York City; study; drug substitution therapy |
| Abstract |
We examined the effect of methadone treatment, duration of Medicaid enrollment during pregnancy, and other maternal characteristics on receipt of prenatal care by 2,254 women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) delivering a singleton in New York state from 1985 through 1990. Data were obtained from the New York State Medicaid HIV/AIDS Research Data Base and vital statistics records. Adequacy of the number of prenatal visits reported by the mother on vital statistics records was assessed with use of the Kessner Index, which adjusts for gestational age at delivery. Too few visits were reported by 65% of the study population. Illicit drug users had higher odds of having too few visits [1.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24-2.17] than methadone-treated women but the odds were similar for non-drug users and methadone-treated women (0.79, 95% CI 0.60-1.25). Women with brief Medicaid enrollment (< or = 25% of pregnancy) had 45% higher odds of having too few visits than did longer enrollees. Treatment for drug addiction and longer Medicaid enrollment during pregnancy may offer important interventions to increase prenatal care of HIV-infected women. Approaches to increase prenatal care of HIV-infected women are especially important given trials showing a reduction in vertical transmission from zidovudine treatment during pregnancy. |
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English |
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Edition |
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| ISSN |
1077-9450 |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
50-11775 |
Serial |
59936 |
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| Author |
Nadelmann, Ethan A. |
| Title |
Commonsense drug policy |
Type |
Journal Article |
| Year |
1998 |
Publication |
Foreign affairs : an American quarterly review |
Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
77 |
Issue |
1; 01/1998 |
Pages |
111-126 |
| Keywords |
government and politics; AOD public policy strategy; harm reduction; prevention; HIV infection; Aids; United States |
| Abstract |
The “war on drugs” and its prohibitionist, punitive strategy have failed to solve America’s drug problem. In fact, they bear much of the blame for drug-related crime, epidemic use of crack cocaine and the spread of aids through dirty syringes. Washington must begin developing policy that seeks first to reduce the harm drugs do users and society. Officials need only look at successful innovations in Europe and Australia like needle exchange, addiction treatment and supervised maintenance, and decriminalization. Public health rather than politics should be paramount. |
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| ISSN |
0015-7120 |
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no |
| Call Number |
50-11774 |
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59935 |
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