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Sherman, C. (2010). Multidimensional family therapy for adolescent drug abuse offers broad, lasting benefits : an approach that integrates individual, family, and community interventions; outperformed other treatments. NIDA Notes, 23(3; 12/2010), 13–15.
Abstract: Comparison of the two therapies found that a year after treatment, teen participants in the MDFT group had fewer drug-related problems and showed more improvement on general measures of behavior and mental health than those teens treated with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). The therapies were compared in two randomized trials sponsored by the National Institute on Drug Abuse. The first study included 224 juvenile males, predominantly African-American, average age of 15 years, and from low-income, single-parent homes, who received either MDFT or CBT. Among the participants, 75 percent were diagnosed as cannabis dependent, 20 percent were alcohol dependent, and 13 percent were dependent on other substances. The study found that while both treatments were effective at discharge, in the months following treatment, youth who received MDFT had lower scores on the Personal Experience Inventory, which measures impairment due to personal, social, educational, and legal problems tied to drug abuse, than those youth who received CBT. The second study tested the effectiveness of MDFT versus CBT in a younger group of adolescent substance abusers, average age of 13.5 years. The results of this study were similar to those of the first study, in that both MDFT and CBT were effective at discharge, but those youth who received MDFT experienced longer lasting gains than the CBT youth. The MDFT youth had significantly lower levels of drug use, had improved their academic performance, had fewer arrests and placements on probation, suffered fewer psychiatric symptoms, and reduced self-reported delinquency and their association with delinquent peers. Issues for future research are discussed.
Keywords: adolescent; AOD abuse; family therapy; treatment and maintenance; treatment method; cognitive therapy; prevention; communicable disease; juvenile delinquency; research
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Liddle, H. A. (2010). Multidimensional family therapy : a science-based treatment system. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 31(2), 133–148.
Abstract: MDFT is a family-based intervention for adolescent substance abuse and associated mental health and behavioural problems (Liddle, 2010). Integrative in several ways, MDFT uses an ecological or contextual conceptual framework to understand the developmental tasks of teens and their families. Research-derived knowledge about risk and protective factors, and proximal causes, correlates and contributors to adolescent drug and related problems inform clinical thinking and interventions with every case. A multisystems approach, MDFT assesses and intervenes in four areas: (1) the adolescent as an individual and a member of a family and peer network; (2) the parent(s), both as individual adults and in his or her role as mother, father or caregiver; (3) the family environment and family relationships, as manifested in day-to-day family transactional patterns; and (4) extrafamilial sources of influence such as peers, school and juvenile justice. Interventions are made within and coordinated across domains. Progress in one area or with one person has implications for and use in others. Individual meetings with parent(s) and teen set the stage for family sessions, and family meetings may offer content and new outcomes that need to be brought to extrafamily meetings with juvenile justice or school personnel. MDFT was developed and tested as a treatment system rather than a one-size-fits-all approach. A treatment system offers different versions of a clinical model that vary according to factors such as clinical sample characteristics (older versus younger adolescents, juvenile justice involved versus no involvement in juvenile justice systems), and treatment parameters (type of clinical setting and treatment dose).
Keywords: adolescent; AOD abuse; family therapy; treatment and maintenance; treatment method; juvenile delinquency; research
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Liddle, H. A., Dakof, G. A., Turner, R. M., Henderson, C. E., & Greenbaum, P. E. (2008). Treating adolescent drug abuse : a randomized trial comparing multidimensional family therapy and cognitive behavior therapy. Addiction, 103(10; 10/2008), 1660–1670.
Abstract: Aim: to examine the efficacy of two adolescent drug abuse treatments: individual cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and multidimensional family therapy (MDFT). Design: A 2 (treatment condition) x 4 (time) repeated-measures intent-to-treat randomized design. Data were gathered at baseline, termination, 6 and 12 months post-termination. Analyses used latent growth curve modeling. Setting: Community-based drug abuse clinic in the northeastern United States. Participants: A total of 224 youth, primarily male (81%), African American (72%), from low-income single-parent homes (58%) with an average age of 15 years were recruited into the study. All youth were drug users, with 75% meeting DSM-IV criteria for cannabis dependence and 13% meeting criteria for abuse. Measurements: Five outcomes were measured: (i) substance use problem severity; (ii) 30-day frequency of cannabis use; (iii) 30-day frequency of alcohol use; (iv) 30-day frequency of other drug use; and (v) 30-day abstinence. Findings: Both treatments produced significant decreases in cannabis consumption and slightly significant reductions in alcohol use, but there were no treatment differences in reducing frequency of cannabis and alcohol use. Significant treatment effects were found favoring MDFT on substance use problem severity, other drug use and minimal use (zero or one occasion of use) of all substances, and these effects continued to 12 months following treatment termination. Conclusion: Both interventions are promising treatments. Consistent with previous controlled trials, MDFT is distinguished by the sustainability of treatment effects.
Keywords: adolescent; AOD abuse; research; treatment and maintenance; treatment method; family therapy; cognitive behavior therapy; randomized controlled trial
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Henderson, C. E., Rowe, C. L., Hawes, S. W., & Liddle, H. A. (2009). Parenting practices as mediators of treatment effects in an early-intervention trial of multidimensional family therapy. The American Journal of Drug and alcohol Abuse, 35(4), 220–226.
Abstract: Background: Contemporary intervention models use research about the determinants of adolescent problems and their course of symptom development to design targeted interventions. Because developmental detours begin frequently during early-mid adolescence, specialized interventions that target known risk and protective factors in this period are needed. Methods: This study (n = 83) examined parenting practices as mediators of treatment effects in an early-intervention trial comparing Multidimensional Family Therapy (MDFT), and a peer group intervention. Participants were clinically referred, low-income, predominantly ethnic minority adolescents (average age 14). Assessments were conducted at intake, and six weeks after intake, discharge, and at 6 and 12 months following intake. Results: Previous studies demonstrated that MDFT was more effective than active treatments as well as services as usual in decreasing substance use and improving abstinence rates. The current study demonstrated that MDFT improves parental monitoring—a fundamental treatment target—to a greater extent than group therapy, and these improvements occur during the period of active intervention, satisfying state-ofthe- science criteria for assessing mediation in randomized clinical trials. Conclusions and Scientific Significance: Findings indicate that change in MDFT occurs through improvements in parenting practices. These results set the foundation for examining family factors as mediators in other samples.
Keywords: adolescent; AOD abuse; family therapy; peer; mediation
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Kuepper, R., van Os, J., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H. - U., Höfler, M., & Henquet, C. (2011). Continued cannabis use and risk of incidence and persistence of psychotic symptoms : 10 year follow-up cohort study. British medical journal, 342, 8.
Abstract: Objective To determine whether use of cannabis in adolescence increases the risk for psychotic outcomes by affecting the incidence and persistence of subclinical expression of psychosis in the general population (that is, expression of psychosis below the level required for a clinical diagnosis). Design Analysis of data from a prospective population based cohort study in Germany (early developmental stages of psychopathology study). Setting Population based cohort study in Germany. Participants 1923 individuals from the general population, aged 14-24 at baseline. Main outcome measure Incidence and persistence of subthreshold psychotic symptoms after use of cannabis in adolescence. Cannabis use and psychotic symptoms were assessed at three time points (baseline, T2 (3.5 years), T3 (8.4 years)) over a 10 year follow-up period with the Munich version of the composite international diagnostic interview (M-CIDI). Results In individuals who had no reported lifetime psychotic symptoms and no reported lifetime cannabis use at baseline, incident cannabis use over the period from baseline to T2 increased the risk of later incident psychotic symptoms over the period from T2 to T3 (adjusted odds ratio 1.9, 95% confidence interval 1.1 to 3.1; P=0.021). Furthermore, continued use of cannabis increased the risk of persistent psychotic symptoms over the period from T2 to T3 (2.2, 1.2 to 4.2; P=0.016). The incidence rate of psychotic symptoms over the period from baseline to T2 was 31% (152) in exposed individuals versus 20% (284) in non-exposed individuals; over the period from T2 to T3 these rates were 14% (108) and 8% (49), respectively. Conclusion Cannabis use is a risk factor for the development of incident psychotic symptoms. Continued cannabis use might increase the risk for psychotic disorder by impacting on the persistence of symptoms.
Keywords: AOD use, abuse, and dependence; AOD dependence; chemical addiction; cannabis; adolescence; AODR psychosis; risk factors; Germany
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Merzel, C., & D'Afflitti, J. (2003). Reconsidering community-based health promotion : promise, performance, and potential. American journal of public health : official journal of the American Public Health Association, 93(4; 04/2003), 557–574.
Abstract: Contemporary public health emphasizes a community-based approach to health promotion and disease prevention. The evidence from the past 20 years indicates, however, that many community-based programs have had only modest impact, with the notable exception of a number of HIV prevention programs. To better understand the reasons for these outcomes, we conducted a systematic literature review of 32 community-based prevention programs. Reasons for poor performance include methodological challenges to study design and evaluation, concurrent secular trends, smaller-than-expected effect sizes, limitations of the interventions, and limitations of theories used. The effectiveness of HIV programs appears to be related in part to extensive formative research and an emphasis on changing social norms
Keywords: health promotion; communicable disease; HIV infection; community-based prevention; United States
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Hüsler, G., & Plancherel, B. (2007). Social integration of adolescents at risk : results from a cohort study. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 2(3; 12/2007), 215–226.
Abstract: Using a sample of 614 youths, this study examined differences and similarities between adolescents at risk (age range 11-20 years), and their integration in school or vocational training. We found that mood states (depression, anxiety), secure self (self-esteem and self-efficacy), relationship with parents, delinquency and substance use (alcohol, tobacco and cannabis) were variables which largely influenced social integration (school, work) for youths with poor sociodemographic backgrounds. An important variable we introduced here was sociodemographic background, which investigated the social situation of a youth. We distinguished two different groups (good vs. poor sociodemographic background). There were important differences between both groups. Youths with a poor sociodemographic background scored higher in suicidality and health complaints. The most striking differences were in substance use and delinquency. The structural equation model showed that poor mood was related to substance use at the start. Important paths were found in mood states over time, as for substance use, but interactions between both variables were small. We ran different models (poor vs. good social background, Swiss vs. migrant youths), and concluded that secure self and good family relations protected against poor mood and substance use and both variables indirectly influenced integration 2-3 years later.
Keywords: target group; adolescent; high-risk youth; social integration; school; work; family; criminality; juvenile delinquency; AOD use; alcohol; tobacco product; illicit drug; cannabis; Switzerland
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Matthews, K., Shepherd, J., & Sivarajasingham, V. (2006). Violence-related injury and the price of beer in England and Wales. Applied economics, 38(6), 661–670.
Abstract: The paper examines the influence of the real price of beer on violence-related injuries across the economic regions in England and Wales. The data are monthly frequency of violent-injury collected from a stratified sample of 58 National Health Service Emergency Departments 1995-2000. An econometric model based on economic, socio-demographic and environmental factors was estimated using panel techniques. It is shown that the rate of violence-related injury is negatively related to the real price of beer, as well as economic, sporting and socio-demographic factors. The principal conclusion of the paper is that the regional distribution of the incidence of violent injury is related to the regional distribution of the price of beer. The major policy conclusion is that increased alcohol prices would result in substantially fewer violent injuries and reduced demand on trauma services.
Keywords: alcohol product; beer; price and pricing; AOD price; AODR violence; injury; emergency care; economics; socioeconomic differences; United Kingdom; England; Wales
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Kuendig, H., Laflamme, L., Gmel, G., Daeppen, J. - B., & Hasselberg, M. (2010). Time of injury in light of prior-to-injury and usual alcohol consumption: an emergency department study. Open access emergency medicine, (2; 16.08.2010), 61–66.
Abstract: Purpose: To investigate how prior-to-injury and usual alcohol consumption relate to time of injury. Patients and methods: The associations between injury time of day and day of week and prior-to-injury (labeled as “acute”) alcohol intake and hazardous usual alcohol consumption (considered from the point of view of both heavy episodic drinking [HED] and risky volumes of consumption) are assessed using interview data from a randomized sample of 486 injured patients treated in a Swiss emergency department (ED; Lausanne University Hospital). Results: Acute consumption was associated with both injury time of day and day of week, HED with day of week only, and risky volume with none. Conclusions: Acute consumption and HED, but not risky volume of consumption, show specific time distributions for injuries. These findings highlight the potential importance of considering the time dimension of an injury when providing emergency care and have additional implications for interventions aimed at influencing the alcohol consumption of injured patients presenting to the ED.
Keywords: addiction; AOD use, abuse, and dependence; chemical addiction; alcohol; AOD consumption; AOD effects and consequences; injury; time of day; day of the week; public health; intervention (persuasion to treatment); emergency care; study; Switzerland; Lausanne
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Kuendig, H., Hasselberg, M., Laflamme, L., Daeppen, J. - B., & Gmel, G. (2008). alcohol and nonlethal injuries: a Swiss emergency department study on the risk relationship between acute alcohol consumption and type of injury. Journal of trauma : injury, infection, and critical care, 65(1), 203–211.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Acute alcohol consumption has been reported to be an important risk factor for injury, but clear scientific evidence on issues such as injury type is not available. The present study aims to improve the knowledge of the importance of alcohol consumption as an injury determinant with regards to two dimensions of the type of injury, namely the nature and the body region involved. METHODS: Risk relationships between two injury type components and acute alcohol use were estimated through multinomial and logistic regression models based on data from 7,529 patients-among whom 3,682 had injury diagnoses-gathered in a Swiss emergency department. RESULTS: Depending on the type of injury, between 31.1% and 48.7% of casualties report alcohol use before emergency department attendance. The multinomial regression models show that even low alcohol levels are consistently associated with nearly all natures of injury and body regions. A persistent dose-response effect between alcohol levels and risk associations was observed for almost all injury types. CONCLUSIONS: The results highlight the importance and consistency of the risk association between low and moderate levels of acute alcohol consumption and all types of injury. None of the body regions and natures of injury could pride on absence of association between alcohol and injury. Public health, prevention, and care implications are considered.
Keywords: addiction; AOD use, abuse, and dependence; chemical addiction; alcohol; AOD consumption; AOD effects and consequences; injury; risk factors; public health; prevention; emergency care; study; Switzerland; Lausanne
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