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Broadhead, R. S., Heckathorn, D. D., Grund, J. - P. C., Synn Stern, L., & Anthony, D. L. (1995). Drug Users Versus Outreach Workers in Combating AIDS. Part II: Preliminary Results of a Peer-Driven Intervention. International journal of drug policy, 6(4), 274–288.
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Gilman, M. R. (1991). Comic-style materials in HIV and drugs education. AIDS Health Promotion Exchange, 2, 3–6.
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Broadhead, R. S., Heckathorn, D. D., Grund, J. - P. C., Synn Stern, L., & Anthony, D. L. (1995). Drug Users Versus Outreach Workers in Combating AIDS : Part I: Agency Problems in Traditional Outreach Interventions. International journal of drug policy, 6(3), 178–188.
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Ross, M. W., Wodak, A., Stowe, A., & Gold, J. (1994). Explanations for sharing injection equipment in injecting drug users and barriers to safer drug use. Addiction, 89, 473–479.
Abstract: We examined the explanations given by a sample of 1245 injecting drug users in Sydney, Australia for accepting used injection equipment. Factor analysis of these reasons revealed three dimensions of sharing: not caring when withdrawing or intoxicated, unavailability of equipment, and not seeing it as high risk or ease of injecting. The most common reasons given were difficulty in obtaining sterile equipment (73% of cases), the dangers not seeming so important when in withdrawal (40%) and sharing being something done with friends or lovers (31%). Most common reasons for not sharing were related to health issues (91% citing AIDS and 67% hepatitis). These data suggest that interventions target provision of sterile equipment, and education which highlights risk situations such as intoxication and withdrawal.
Keywords: harm reduction
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Donoghoe, M. C., Dolan, K. A., & Stimson, G. V. (1992). Life-style factors and social circumstances of syringe sharing in injecting drug users. British journal of addiction, 87(7), 993–1003.
Abstract: Measures taken to reduce HIV risk by injecting drug users have been reported in many countries, but a minority of injectors continue to engage in risky practices. In an ongoing cohort study, 207 drug injectors were interviewed and anonymously tested for HIV antibodies in saliva in 1989. Injectors reporting recent syringe sharing were compared with those not recently sharing; injecting events where sharing did and did not take place were examined. Those recently sharing syringes differed significantly from the non-sharers on several factors, including: use of heroin, dihydrocodeine and temazepam; injection of heroin, temazepam and prescribed methadone; accommodation and contact with other injectors; means of financial support and recent involvement in crime; secondary sources of injecting equipment and unsafe disposal; employment of HIV protective strategies; treatment contact with general practitioners; number of sexual partners and injecting status of sexual partners. The two groups were not significantly different in terms of attendance at syringe-exchange schemes and self-reported HIV antibody status. Syringe sharing would appear to be related to social circumstances and life-style factors rather than just individual choices and motivation.
Keywords: harm reduction
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Crisp, B. R., Barber, J. G., Ross, M. W., Wodak, A., Gold, J., & Miller, M. E. (1994). Predictors of unsafe injecting drug use. Drug and alcohol review, 13, 13–19.
Abstract: This paper reports on the incidence of unsafe injecting and the factors which influence this practice in a sample of 1245 Sydney injecting drug users (IDUs). Using a needle and syringe after someone else at some time in the last six months was reported in 41.6% of the sample. Taking into account those who claimed always to clean used needles with virucidal methods, 32.9% had placed themselves at risk of HIV infection from shared needles in the six months prior to interview. Seven factors were predictive of unsafe behaviour. These were (a) the amount spent per week on drugs, (b) the number of times a single needle was used prior to disposal, (c) having shared with a person who is now HIV infected, (d) having a regular sexual partner, (e) the proportion of times high, stoned or drunk when injecting, (f) being part of a group that injects together and (g) having been in prison.
Keywords: intravenous drug user; risk factors; needle sharing; risk-taking behavior; Australia; Sydney; study
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Booth, R. E. (1994). Predictors of Unsafe Needle Practices : Injection Drug Users in Denver. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes, 7, 504–508.
Abstract: To identify factors associated with unsafe needle hygiene, we studied 378 injection drug users (IDUs) in Denver, Colorado. The sample was drawn from neighborhoods with large concentrations of injectors and crack smokers. Respondents were questioned about their needle hygiene practices during the 30-day period prior to the interview. Unsafe needle hygiene, defined as injecting with previously used, nondisinfected needles, was reported by more than a third of those interviewed. Unsafe needle practices were associated with a number of factors, including heroin injection, perceived chance of getting AIDS, and lack of exposure to AIDS interventions in the community. The high percentage reporting unsafe needle practices within a 30-day interval points to the grave risk AIDS continues to pose for drug users. We conclude that the apparent success of exposure to AIDS intervention efforts in changing needle practices shows promise for prevention programs targeting drug injectors.
Keywords: harm reduction
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Titus, S., Marmor, M., Des Jarlais, D. C., Kim, M., Wolfe, H., & Beatrice, S. (1994). Bleach use and HIV seroconversion among New York City injection drug users. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes, 7(7), 700–704.
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Mmwr. (1993). Use of Bleach for Disinfection of Drug Injection Equipment : Notice to Readers. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 42(21; 04.06.1993), 418–419.
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Shapshak, P., McCoy, C. B., Rivers, J. E., Chitwood, D. D., Mash, D. C., Weatherby, N. L., et al. (1993). Inactivation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 at Short Time Intervals Using Undiluted Bleach : Letter to the Editor. Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes, 6, 218–219.
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