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Author |
Abel, Thomas |
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Title |
Cultural capital and social inequality in health : article to be published in the Journal of epidemiology and community health |
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2007 |
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11/2007 |
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20 |
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government and politics |
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50-00589 |
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59647 |
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Author |
Wetterling, T.; Veltrup, C.; Junghanns, K. |
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Title |
How to assess craving for alcohol |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
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European addiction research |
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3 |
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110-115 |
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addiction; AOD dependence; chemical addiction; alcohol; assessment; behavioral and mental disorder |
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In the recent years several drugs with an anticraving effect have been developed. These drugs should reduce the urge to drink alcohol. In the near future some of these drugs with different pharmacological profiles will be introduced to several European countries. That’s why a critical review of the psychobiological concept craving is necessary. Although widely used craving is an illdefined term. Craving has been associated with different psychological concepts that are mostly based on behavorial theories. Furthermore, some biochemical findings probably associated with craving are reviewed. However, thus far the assessment of craving is based on self-reports, since it is a subjective cognition like pain. The magnitude of craving depends on situational factors, varying with time and place. Thus, a sufficient assessment has to include the conditions and expectancies occurring together with craving. |
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1022-6877 |
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50-00530 |
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59645 |
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Author |
Toumbourou, John; Hamilton, Margaret |
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Title |
Researching self help drug treatment : collaboration and conflict in the age of harm reduction |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Addiction |
Abbreviated Journal |
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89 |
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151-156 |
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AOD use, abuse, and dependence; drug; drug consumption; treatment and maintenance; self-help group; harm reduction; Australia |
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While there is evidence supporting the effectiveness of drug treatment in self help groups there are many points of divergence between the philosophies traditionally espoused by these groups and those advocated within hann reduction policies. In this paper we examine some of the differences between self help and hann reduction approaches. We argue that (in common with other treatment modalities) self help groups have altered and developed in response to changing community expectations and that this process should be expected to continue. We report on our ongoing exploration of research partnerships with self help group members focusing particularly upon research conducted in collaboration with self help groups in Victoria. We argue that research partnerships have advantages for both parties. These partnerships have the potential to better inform researchers of developments in the self help community (including the practices of active drug users). Research partnerships also encourage better understanding among self help group members of some of the potential problems that, as research has indicated, may be associated with certain self help group practices. We advocate such understanding as a potentially effective means of encouraging the appropriate development and refinement of self help group practices in line with harm reduction principals . |
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50-00497 |
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59641 |
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Author |
Smart, Reginald G. |
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Title |
Crack cocaine use : a review of prevalence and adverse effects |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1991 |
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The American journal of drug and alcocol abuse |
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17 |
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1 |
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13-26 |
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Keywords |
AOD use, abuse, and dependence; aod abuse; adverse drug effect; crack cocaine; prevalence; study |
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Crack is a potent form of cocajne which results in rapid and striking stimulant effects when smoked. This paper reviews epidemiological research on the extent of use as well as reports of adverse effects. Crack is used b a small minority of adult and student populations but by a larger proportion of cocaine users and .heavy drug-using groups. Use does not appear to be increase in general popuations, but there are no trend studies for high-risk groups. Crack users tend to be young, heavy polydrug users, many of whom have serious drug abus problems. The adverse reactions to crack are similar to those of cocaine and include effects on offstpring, neurological and psychiatric problems, as well as pulmonary and cardiac abnormalities. However, two adverse reactions unique to crack have been reported. One relates to lung infiltrates and bronchospasm. The other involves neurological symptoms among children living in crack smoked-filled rooms. There is a need for improved treatment and preventive programs for crack use. |
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Call Number |
50-00468 |
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59640 |
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Author |
San, Luis; Camí, Jordi; Peri, José M.; Mata, Rosa; Porta, Miquel |
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Title |
Efficacy of clonidine, guanfacine and methadone in the rapid detoxification of heroin addicts : a controlled clinical trial |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1990 |
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British journal of addiction |
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85 |
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1; 01/1990 |
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141-147 |
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Keywords |
treatment and maintenance; inpatient care; detoxification; heroin; clonidine; guanfacine; methadone |
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The efficacy of clonidine, methadone, and guanfacine in rapid detoxification of heroin inpatients was assessed in a randomized controlled clinical trial. Signs and symptoms of abstinence and of side effects were analysed in 90 heroin addicts successfully completing a 12–day inpatient trial, all patients fit DSM-III criteria for opioid dependence, the age range being 18 to 36 years. All three drugs were effective in controlling abstinence; however, the course of abstinence was different in the methadone group as compared to the adrenergic agonists, the latter showing limitations in their ability to suppress withdrawal manifestations. While mean number of withdrawal signs and symptoms was significantly tower during days 2 to 5 in the methadone group (p < 0.01), adrenergic agonists were slightly more effective at the end of the trial. Incidence of side effects was closely related to the dose administered. Hypotensive action of adrenergic agonists was more marked in orthostatic position. The present results suggest that methadone is superior to adrenergic agonists. Between these drugs clonidine appears to be less effective than guanfacine in controlling some withdrawal manifestations, and causes more side effects, mainly of cardiovascular nature. |
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0952-0481 |
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Call Number |
50-00433 |
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59639 |
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Author |
Pittman, David J. |
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Title |
Harm reduction, not alcohol consumption reduction |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1995 |
Publication |
Addiction |
Abbreviated Journal |
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90 |
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11; 11/1995 |
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1550-1551 |
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AOD use, abuse, and dependence; alcohol; harm reduction; harm reduction policy; letter to the editor |
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1360-0443 |
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50-00402 |
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59636 |
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Author |
Rehm, Jürgen; Gschwend, Patrick; Steffen, Thomas; Gutzwiller, Felix; Dobler-Mikola, Anja; Uchtenhagen, Ambros |
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Feasibility, safety, and efficacy of injectable heroin prescription for refractory opioid addicts : a follow-up study |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
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The Lancet |
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358 |
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27.10.2001 |
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1417-1420 |
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AOD dependence; opioids in any form; heroin; heroin-assisted treatment; treatment and maintenance; study; statistical data; Switzerland |
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Background : Heroin-assisted substitution treatment for severely opioid-dependent drug users has been available in Switzerland since 1994. Our aim was to ascertain the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of this treatment. Methods : We did a cohort study in 21 community outpatient treatment centres. We assessed 1969 opioid-dependent drug users, who began heroin-assisted substitution treatment between January, 1994, and December, 2000, to ascertain admission and discharge patterns, and patient characteristics. We also followed up a subset of 237 patients who began treatment between Jan 1, 1994, and March 31, 1995, and who stayed with the programme for at least 18 months. We used questionnaires, interviews, and medical examinations done at entry and after 6, 12, and 18 months to assess somatic and mental health, social integration, and treatment outcomes. Findings : More than 70% (1378) of patients remained in treatment for more than a year. Treatment showed positive effects with respect to health and social outcomes. A long stay in treatment was related to a higher chance of starting abstinence-oriented therapy than a short stay. Interpretation : Heroin-assisted substitution treatment might be an effective option for chronically addicted patients for whom other treatments have failed. |
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0140-6736 |
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50-00417 |
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59637 |
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Author |
Nappo, Solange A.; Galduroz, Jose Carlos F.; Noto, Ana R. |
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Title |
Crack use in São Paulo |
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Journal Article |
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1996 |
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Substance use and misuse |
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31 |
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5 |
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565-579 |
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AOD use; AOD associated consequences; crack cocaine; study; Brazil; journal article |
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Documented crack use emerged in São Paulo, Brazil, from 1991 onward. Therefore, it is a recent behavior among drug users. The present work draws a profile of São Paulo crack users, employing an ethnographic approach. Twenty-five crack users were interviewed on selected social and demographic characteristics, on the drug itself and its consumption, and on the consequences of this use. Crack cocaine is harmful for the user, leading within a short period to a condition of dependence. The crack users reported ultimately lapsing into “marginality” due to social isolation, neglect of bodily needs, and breakdown of family ties and other relationships. |
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1082-6084 |
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50-00379 |
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59635 |
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Kornet, M.; Goosen, C.; Van Ree, J. M. |
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Effect of naltrexone on alcohol consumtion during chronic alcohol drinking and after a period of imposed abstinence in free-choice drinking rhesus monkeys |
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Journal Article |
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1991 |
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Psychopharmacology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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104 |
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367-376 |
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AOD use; alcohol; naltrexone; alcoholic; AOD abstinence; rhesus monkey; research |
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50-00316 |
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59632 |
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Author |
Herz, Albert |
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Title |
Endogenous opioid systems and alcohol addiction |
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Journal Article |
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1997 |
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Psychopharmacology |
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129; 01/1997 |
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99-111 |
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addiction; alcohol; opioids in any form; dopamine; naltrexone; prevention; relapse prevention; research; journal article |
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Abstract |
alcohol exei.ts numerous pharmacological effects through its interaction with various neurotransmitters and neuromodulators. Among the latter, the endogenous opioids playa key role in the rewarding (addictive) properties of ethanol. Three types of opioid receptors represent the respective targets of the major opioid peptides (p-endorphin, enkephalins and dynorphins, respectively). The rewarding (reinforcing) properties of 11- and 8-receptor ligands are brought about by activation of the mesolimbic dopamine system which ascends from the ventral tegmentum of the midbrain (VTA) to rostral structures: of these, the nucleus accumbens (NAC) is of particular importance in drug addiction. In contrast, dysphoria results from activation of K-receptors. The neurochemical manifestations of these opposing effects are, respectively, increases and decreases in dopamine release in the NAC. Several lines of evidence indicate that alcohol interferes with endogenous opioid mechanisms which are closely linked with dopamine transmission in the mesolimbic pathway. The view that condensation products of dopamine and alcohol-derived aldehyde (tetrahydroisoquinolines) playa role remains controversial. There is. however, much information on the direct (acute and chronic) effects of alcohol on the binding properties of opioid receptors, as well as modulation of opioid peptide synthesis and secretion (e.g. a suggested increase in p-endorphin release). In view of the reinforcing properties of alcohol. it is relevant to consider behavioural studies involving alcohol self-administration in rodents and primates. Low doses of morphine have been found to increase. and higher doses of the opiate to decrease, alcohol consumption. Conversely, opi()id antagonists such as naloxone and naltrexone (which bind to non-selectively opioid receptors) have been shown to decrease alcohol consumption under various experimental conditions. Similar results have been reported when selective 11- or b-receptor antagonists are administered. Results obtained in genetic models of high preference for alcohol also support the view that alcohol intake depends on the activity of the endogenous opioid reward system and that alcohol consumption may serve to compensate for inherent deficits in this system. One hypothetical model proposes that reward results from activation of opioid receptors in the VTA and/or b-receptors in the NAC; both these nuclei are targets of endogenous p-endorphin. It is suggested that alcohol interferes with this reward pathway either directly or indirectly. The available experimental data accord well with those obtained from clinical studies in which opioid antagonists have been used to prevent relapse in alcoholics. Conceptual considerations concerning communalities between various forms of addictions are also discussed in this review. |
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0033-3158 |
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50-00274 |
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59630 |
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