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Gianoulakis, C., Béliveau, D., Angeloglannl, P., Meaney, H., Thavundayll, J., Tawar, V., et al. (1989). Differantial pituitary beta-endorphin and adrenal cortisol response to ethanol in individuals with high and low risk for future developement of alcoholism. Life Sciences, 45, 1097–1109.
Abstract: The purpose of the present studies was to investigate the activity of the adrenal gland and the pituitary beta-endorphin system in individuals from families with a 3 generation history of alcoholism, High Risk group, or from families without history of alcoholism, Low Risk group. All subjects had a medical examination, a drinking behavior personal interview and the Michigan alcoholism Screening Test. Individuals with medical problems or excessive drinking were not included in the study. On the day of testing, a blood sample was taken at 9:00 a.m., then the subject drank a placebo drInk or an ethanol solution (0.5 g ethanol/kg B.Wt.). Additional blood samples were taken at 15, 45 and 120 minutes post-drink. Results indicated that individuals of the High Risk group had lower basal levels of beta-endorphin like immunoreactivity (beta-EPLlR) than individuals of the Low Risk group. The dose of 0.5 g ethanol/kg B.Wt. induced an increase in the plasma content of beta-EPLIR of the High Risk group, but not of the Low Risk group. In the Low Risk group ethanol did not induce an increase above the 9:00 a.m. levels, however, it attenuated the beta-endorphin decrease overtime, observed following the placebo drink. Analysis of beta-endorphin-like peptides in the plasma of the High Risk group, with Sephadex G-75 chromatography indicated that the major component of the plasma beta-EPLIR was beta-lipotropin. Plasma cortisol levels, following ethanol intake presented a small increase in the High Risk group but not in the Low Risk group. Both groups presented similar blood alcohol levels. The basal levels of immunoreactive cortisol and beta-endorphin in the plasma of individuals who were alcoholics, but had been abstinent for at least six months prior to testing were similar to the levels of the High Risk group. Thus there are differences both in the basel levels and In the response of the cortisol and the pituitary beta-endorphin system to an acute ethanol challenge between the two groups.
Keywords: Aod; AOD use; AOD consumption; AOD associated consequences; AOD effects and AODR problems; AOD effects and consequences; AOD use initiation; AOD use pattern; alcohol; statistical data; study
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Genazzi, A. R., Nappi, G., Facchinetti, F., Mazzella, G. L., Parrini, D., Sinforani, E., et al. (1982). Entral deficiency of beta-endorphin in alcohol addicts. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 55(3), 583–586.
Abstract: alcohol addiction may induce its dependence through a mechanism involving opiate receptors and opioid peptides. For these reasons, we measured ACTH, beta-lipotropin, and beta-endorphin in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 29 alcohol addicts and compared these values with those found in 8 normal volunteers. Although no significant differences existed in peripheral concentrations of the 3 peptides, alcohol addicts had beta-endorphin levels in CSF (mean +/- SE, 29.4 +/- 4.5 fmol/ml) that were 3-fold lower than those of the controls (98.4 +/- 10.5 fmol/ml; P less than 0.001) and ACTH levels 4 times higher than control values (30.0 +/- 1.8 vs. 7.4 +/- 1.1 fmol/ml in controls; P less than 0.001), while no difference was found in beta-lipotropin levels. These results suggest that alcohol addiction is associated with a marked alteration in the CSF content of proopiocortin-related peptides which may play a role in the alcohol-seeking behavior typical of the syndrome.
Keywords: AOD dependence; addiction; alcohol; statistical data; study
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Ferrandino, J. J. (1986). Crack : 20 Dollar rock, billion Dollar problem. EAP Digest, (11/1986), 41–45.
Abstract: Once seen as a “glamour” drug used by the very wealthy, cocaine is readily available and affordable for almost everyone. The rock form – called “crack” – has heralded this change and the results are devastating. Here’s what you should know about this powerful drug, and what can be done to combat its use.
Keywords: AOD use, abuse, and dependence; psychoactive substances; illicit drug; crack cocaine; heroin; smoking; intravenous drug user; AOD dependent; epidemiology; AOD effects and AODR problems; adverse drug effect; AODR disorder; heart disorder; eating disorder; AODR mortality; social and economic cost of AOD; AOD price; history; public opinion on AOD; community-based prevention; prevention program; intervention (persuasion to treatment); treatment and maintenance; relapse prevention; family support; self-help group; adolescent; workplace AOD policy; international area; United States
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Eskelson, C. D., Hameroff, S. R., & Kanel, J. S. (1980). Ethanol increases serum beta-Endorphin levels in rats. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 59(7; 07/1980), 537–538.
Keywords: alcohol; research; study; statistical data
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Farrell, M., & Hall, W. (1998). The Swiss heroin trials : testing alternative approaches : prescribed heroin is likely to have a limited role. British medical journal, (28.02.1998), 1.
Keywords: treatment and maintenance; heroin; heroin-assisted treatment; methadone; commentary
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Egli, D. (1999). The Swiss heroin policy. SJES, 135(2), 187–206.
Abstract: The Swiss heroin policy is compared to a theoretically derived rational drug policy. It is argued that, although being one of the most liberal policies worldwide, the Swiss policy still is too repressive. A further legalization of heroin would most probably be welfare enhancing.
Keywords: AOD use, abuse, and dependence; heroin; opioid contaminant; opioids in any form; heroin-assisted treatment; laws and regulations; policy recommendations; Switzerland
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Dunn, J., & Pinheiro Ferri, C. (1998). The price of crack in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Addiction, 93(2; 02/1998), 287–288.
Keywords: AOD price; cocaine; crack cocaine; international area; HIV infection; Brazil; journal article
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Duncan, D. F., Nicholson, T., Clifford, P., Hawkins, W., & Petosa, R. (1994). Harm reduction : an emerging new paradigm for drug education. Journal of Drug Education, 24(4), 281–290.
Abstract: Harm reduction is a new paradigm now emerging in the field of drug education. This strategy recognizes that people always have and always will use drugs and, therefore, attempts to minimize the potential hazards associated with drug use rather than the use itself. The rationale for a harm reduction strategy is presented, followed by an example of the kind of needs assessment which may be needed for planning a harm reduction strategy.
Keywords: treatment and maintenance; harm reduction; statistical data; research; journal article
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Drucker, E. (2001). Injectable heroin substitution treatment for opioid dependency. The Lancet, 358(27.10.2001), 1385.
Keywords: addiction; treatment and maintenance; AOD dependence; heroin; heroin-assisted treatment; methadone; harm reduction; research; trial study; Switzerland; commentary
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Dole, V. P. (1994). What have we learned form three decades of methadone maintenance treatment? Drug and alcohol review, 13, 3–4.
Keywords: AOD use, abuse, and dependence; treatment and maintenance; methadone; commentary
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