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Author |
Schultes, Richard Evans |
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Title |
The plant kingdom and hallucinogens : parts I to III |
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1970 |
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Bulletin on Narcotics |
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21 22 |
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3 4 1; 07/1969; 10/1969; 01/1970 |
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hallucinogens; plant; human study; history |
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1 Physisch vorhanden |
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50-ax |
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59527 |
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Straiker, Alex; Stella, Nephi; Piomelli, Daniele; Mackie, Ken; Karten, Harvey J.; Maguire, Greg |
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Cannabinoid CB1 receptors and ligands in vertebrate retina : localization and function of an endogenous signaling system |
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Journal Article |
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1999 |
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
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96 |
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25; 07.12.1999 |
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14565-14570 |
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cannabinoids; receptor ligand binding; retina; research |
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CB1, a cannabinoid receptor enriched in neuronal tissue, was found in high concentration in retinas of rhesus monkey, mouse, rat, chick, goldfish, and tiger salamander by using a subtype-specific polyclonal antibody. Immunolabeling was detected in the two synaptic layers of the retina, the inner and outer plexiform layers, of all six species examined. In the outer plexiform layer, CB1 was located in and/or on cone pedicles and rod spherules. Labeling was detected in some amacrine cells of all species and in the ganglion cells and ganglion cell axons of all species except fish. In addition, sparse labeling was found in the inner and/or outer segments of the photoreceptors of monkey, mouse, rat, and chick. Using GC/MS to detect possible endogenous cannabinoids, we found 3 nmol of 2-arachidonylglycerol per g of tissue, but no anandamide was detectable. Cannabinoid receptor agonists induced a dramatic reduction in the amplitude of voltage-gated L-type calcium channel currents in identified retinal bipolar cells. The presence and distribution of the CB1 receptor, the large amounts of 2-arachidonylglycerol found, and the effects of cannabinoids on calcium channel activity in bipolar cells suggest a substantive role for an endogenous cannabinoid signaling system in retinal physiology, and perhaps vision in general. |
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50-aw |
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59526 |
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Heimer, Robert; Clair, Scott; Teng, Wei; Grau, Lauretta E.; Khoshnood, Kaveh; Singer, Merrill |
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Title |
Effects of increasing syringe availability on syringe-exchange use and HIV risk : Connecticut, 1990-2001 |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine |
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79 |
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4; 12/2002 |
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556-570 |
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HIV infection; needle sharing; needle distribution and exchange; intravenous injection; Connecticut; New Haven; Hartford |
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Abstract |
Syringe-exchange programs (SEPs) in Connecticut operate with caps on the number of syringes exchanged per visit. We investigated the effects of legislation increasing the cap on drug injectors’ access to clean syringes through the SEPs in New Haven and Hartford. The mixed design of this study included longitudinal and cross-sectional data from individuals and ecological data from program operations. Five parameters-syringe return rate, syringes per visit to the SEP, syringe reuse rate, syringe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence, and syringe sharing-were monitored through syringe tracking and testing of SEP syringes and by interviewing injectors. Two increases in the cap-from 5 to 10 and then from 10 to 30-had little effect on the five parameters that measured injectors’ access to clean syringes. In contrast, access to clean syringes increased when the New Haven SEP first began operations, when syringes first became available at pharmacies in Hartford, and when the agency running the Hartford SEP changed. Legislation providing piecemeal increases in the cap may not, by themselves, be sufficient to increase injectors’ access to clean syringes and decrease the risk of human immunodeficiency virus transmission in this population. |
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1099-3460 |
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50-as |
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59522 |
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Author |
Linas, Benjamin P.; Coffin, Philipp O.; Backes, Glenn; Vlahov, David |
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Title |
New York State pharmacist's attitudes toward needle and syringe sales to injection drug users before implementation of syringe deregulation |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2000 |
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Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine |
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77 |
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4; 12/2000 |
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768-780 |
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harm reduction; needle distribution and exchange; pharmacist; minor offense; prevention; law; United States; New York |
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In May 2000, New York State passed legislation permitting the sale, purchase, and possession of up to 10 needles and syringes without a prescription. The law is intended to reduce the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis among injection drug users (IDUs), their sexual partners, and their children. To obtain baseline information about the attitudes and likely practices of New York State pharmacists, we distributed a self-administered questionnaire to attendees of the state pharmacy association meeting in June 2000. Of 48 usable responses, 19% were from New York City and the rest from New York State. Of the 48, 42% were unaware of the new law before the day of the survey, and 60% were somewhat or very willing to sell needles and syringes to an IDU. Of those who were not willing to sell to an IDU, 82% cited familiarity of the customer as a very important consideration in their decision making. Those who were not willing to sell to an IDU were more concerned about the detrimental impact of syringe sales on the community, were less likely to be aware of the new law, and were more likely to be concerned about legal liability for syringe sales. Over 80% of all pharmacists believed that syringe sales to IDUs are an important preventive health measure. The majority also favored learning more about the law. Compared to other state surveys of pharmacists, these preliminary data show a similar level of interest in becoming involved with syringe availability programs. |
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50-ar |
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59521 |
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Author |
Wodak, Alex |
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Title |
Taming demons : the reduction of harm resulting from use of illicit drugs |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1993 |
Publication |
International journal of drug policy |
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4 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
72-77 |
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AOD use; illicit drug; harm reduction; prohibition (AOD public policy); cost (economic); cost-effectiveness; impact of policy or law; HIV infection; prevention; methadone maintenance; drug substitution therapy; cost-benefit analysis; Australia |
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Restricting availability is the major response to illicit drugs in most Western countries including Australia. Prohibition may reduce harm when the drug in question is in low demand, controls are difficult to subvert, and when similar drugs are less toxic or unavailable. However, the health, social and economic costs of supply reduction are substantial and increasing for both injecting drug users and the general community. Population adjusted mortality of heroin users has doubled in Australia in the last decade. The possible impact of supply reduction policy on the spread of HIV infection among IDUs is an important but largely neglected consideration. The effectiveness of supply restriction policy in decreasing the availability of drugs or in reducing drug-related harm is unlikely to be increased significantly by more vigorous implementation of supply reduction or adoption of new technology. Conversely, on the basis of existing data, greater availability of HIV prevention measures attractive to the target population (including especially drug treatment such as methadone maintenance) is likely to be effective and cost-effective. The costs and benefits of innovative methods of providing currently illicit drugs to those who are determined to use them requires careful evaluation and comparison with existing policies. Policy on illicit drugs in most countries including Australia is still dominated by concern about drug use rather than focused on the need to reduce drug-related problems, which is the agreed aim of national drug policy. |
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0955-3959 (Print); 1873-4758 (Electronic) |
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50-ak |
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59514 |
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Author |
Williamson, Nancy; Archibald, Chris; Van Vliet, Jon S. |
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Title |
Unexplained deaths among injection drug users : a case of probable clostridium myonecrosis |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
Canadian Medical Association journal : CMAJ = Journal de l’Association médicale canadienne : JAMC |
Abbreviated Journal |
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165 |
Issue |
5; 04.09.2001 |
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609-611 |
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intravenous drug user; AODR mortality; clostridium; gangrene; skin inflammation; primary health care; general practitioner; United Kingdom; Ireland |
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A series of unexplained deaths associated with soft-tissue inflammation and severe systemic sepsis was reported among injection drug users (IDUs) in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland in 2000. Health Canada has identified one reported fatality in an IDU that matched the case definition. Although the cause of the epidemic in the UK and Ireland is not fully understood, contributing factors include injecting into muscle or beneath the skin, rather than directly into a vein, and the use of acid to dissolve the heroin. This single Canadian case is considered to be a sporadic event that occurs at a low background rate among IDUs. These cases serve to remind primary health care providers to be vigilant in cases of soft-tissue infection among IDUs and not to underestimate the potential severity of the situation. |
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0820-3946 |
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50-aj |
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59513 |
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Author |
Veale, Jacob |
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Title |
Harm reduction and the community |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
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International journal of drug policy |
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5 |
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2 |
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115-119 |
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harm reduction; prevention; health promotion; HIV infection; Aids; intravenous drug user; crime; cooperation; drug market; United Kingdom; London |
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With the limited exception of HIV/AIDS prevention, harm minimisation in the UK has focused on the harm that drug users may do to themselves. This article explains how harm minimisation within Hammersmith and Fulham (part of inner London ) has now begun to address wider issues. Hammersmith and Fulham has the highest estimate HIV+ rate of any local authority area in the UK, and approximately 4000 injecting drug users. Spending on HIV prevention and services for people with HIV/AIDS is the highest in the UK . Police estimate that more than half of all acquisitive crime in the area is committed to fund drug purchases. Public services in the health, criminal justice, education, housing and social fields have formed an unusually close partnership to address these problems. This is generating rapid changes in service provision, including moves away from prosecution of people in possession of any drug for their own use, and moves to attract many more users into treatment by greatly extending prescribing practice. The overall aims of harm minimisation in the area now include reduction of crime and reduction of the illicit drug market alongside minimisation of harm to drug users themselves. |
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0955-3959 (Print); 1873-4758 (Electronic) |
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50-ai |
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59512 |
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Author |
Vanderkloot, Pete |
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Title |
Methadone : medicine, harm reduction or social control |
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Journal Article |
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2001 |
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Harm Reduction Communication |
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11 |
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1-4 |
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chemical addiction; opioids in any form; methadone; drug; treatment and maintenance; drug substitution therapy; social control; harm reduction; bureaucracy |
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50-ah |
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59511 |
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Author |
Van Wormer, Katherine |
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Title |
Harm induction vs. harm reduction : comparing American and British approaches to drug use |
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1999 |
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Journal of offender rehabilitation |
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29 |
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1/2 |
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35-48 |
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harm reduction; government and politics; public policy on illicit drugs; HIV infection; Aids; criminalization; international differences; United Kingdom; United States |
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The disease model, while still the predominant conceptualization guiding U.S. treatment is now being challenged by the harm reduction model, highly developed in Britain. This paper examines both positions in light of historical/cultural differences related to Puritan zealotry and argues that with regard to illegal drugs, America’s War on Drugs actually inflicts harm. The huge government expenditure, spread of AIDS, criminalization of drug users, and treatment neglect are just several of the negative consequences. |
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1050-9674 |
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50-ag |
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59510 |
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Author |
Thorpe, Lorna E.; Ouellet, Lawrence J.; Hershow, Ronald; Bailey, Susan L.; Williams, Ian T.; Williamson, John; Monterroso, Edgar R.; Garfein, Richard S. |
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Title |
Risk of hepatitis C virus infection among young adult injection drug users who share injection equipment |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
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American journal of epidemiology |
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155 |
Issue |
7 |
Pages |
645-653 |
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risk assessment; intravenous drug user; young adult; needle sharing; viral hepatitis; hepatitis C; infection; United States; Chicago; study |
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Designing studies to examine hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission via the shared use of drug injection paraphernalia other than syringes is difficult because of saturation levels of HCV infection in most samples of injection drug users (IDUs). The authors measured the incidence of HCV infection in a large cohort of young IDUs from Chicago, Illinois, and determined the risk of HCV seroconversion associated with specific forms of sharing injection paraphernalia. From 1997 to 1999, serum samples obtained from 702 IDUs aged 18–30 years were screened for HCV antibodies; prevalence was 27%. Seronegative participants were tested for HCV antibodies at baseline, at 6 months, and at 12 months. During 290 person-years of follow-up, 29 participants seroconverted (incidence: 10.0/100 person-years). The adjusted relative hazard of seroconversion, controlling for demographic and drug-use covariates, was highest for sharing “cookers” (relative hazard = 4.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.4, 11.8), followed by sharing cotton filters (relative hazard = 2.4, 95% confidence interval: 1.1, 5.0). Risks associated with syringe-sharing and sharing of rinse water were elevated but not significant. After adjustment for syringe-sharing, sharing cookers remained the strongest predictor of seroconversion (relative hazard = 3.5, 95% confidence interval: 1.3, 9.9). The authors conclude that sharing of injection equipment other than syringes may be an important cause of HCV transmission between IDUs. |
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0002-9262 |
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50-af |
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59509 |
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