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various. (1995). Programme on substance abuse. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO).
Keywords: addiction; AOD dependence; chemical addiction; cocaine
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Caulkins, J. P. (1998). Is crack cheaper than (powder) cocaine? Santa Monica: Rand.
Abstract: Aims. To compare the prices of cocaine powder and crack cocaine in the United States. Design. Retail prices for crack and powder cocaine are compared for 14 US cities between 1986 and 1991 using regression analysis and t-tests. Measurements. Prices are estimated from the United States Drug Enforcement Administration’s System to Retrieve Information from Drug Evidence (STRIDE) database. Findings. On average, crack is ne’ither more nor less expens’iveper pure unit than powder cocaine. Prices are not equal in every city ’inevery year, but crack is equally likely to be more or less expensive, and the differences are not large relative to variation in prices of both forms of cocaine between cities and over time. Conclusions. Crack has been widely believed to be cheaper than powder cocaine, and this ”fact” has been used to help explain why US drug problems worsened in the 1980s. However, crack is not, in fact, cheaper per pure unit than powder cocaine. Other explanations must be sought for why crack spread so rapUlly relative to powder cocaine.
Keywords: AOD price; cocaine; crack cocaine; drug market; study; research; international area; United States
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Jaggi, K. (1999). Pilot e : prevention of addiction for young people at technoparties : a pilot project by the Public Health and Social Sevices Department of the Canton of Berne and the Contact Foundation Berne. Berne: Contact Fondation; Canton of Berne, Public Health and Social Services Department.
Keywords: harm reduction; prevention; counseling; physical and chemical analysis and measurement; AOD abstinence; AOD effects and AODR problems; adverse drug effect; AODR mortality; AOD use, abuse, and dependence; multiple drug use; illicit drug; MDMA; ecstasy; designer drug; research chemical; nightlife; rave; adolescent; statistical data; Berne (canton)
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Ewing, J. (2004). CAGE Questionnaire. Chapel Hill: Bowles Center for alcohol Studies.
Keywords: treatment and maintenance; alcohol; CAGE Questionnaire
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Sorge, R., & Kershnar, S. (1998). Getting off right : a safety manual for injection drug users. New York: Harm Reduction Coalition (HRC).
Abstract: A plain-speaking, how-to survival guide for injection drug users. Written by drug users and service providers, it is a compilation of medical facts, injection techniques, junky wisdom and common sense that aims to provide the necessary information to keep users and their communities healthier and safer.
Keywords: harm reduction; addiction; AOD dependence; chemical addiction; illicit drug; health promotion; intravenous drug user; training manual
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Wang, Z., Béroud, G., Cheng, M., & Cheng, S. (1998). Drug treatment and public security in the People's Republic of China. In H. Klingemann, & G. Hunt (Eds.), Drug treatment systems in an international perspective : drugs, demons, and delinquents (pp. 253–262). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Keywords: AOD abuse; chemical addiction; epidemiology; HIV infection; Aids; treatment and maintenance; laws and regulations; detoxification; drug substitution therapy; research; education; public opinion on AOD; China
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Newmeyer, J. A. (1988). Why bleach? : development of a strategy to combat HIV contagion among San Francisco intravenous drug users. In R. J. Battjes, & R. W. Pickens (Eds.), Needle sharing among intravenous drug abusers : national and international perspectives (pp. 151–159). Rockville: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration; National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA).
Keywords: needle sharing; needle disinfection; strategy; prevention program; HIV infection; Aids; intravenous drug user; United States; San Francisco
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Nichter, M. (2003). Harm reduction : a core concern for medical anthropology. In B. H. Harthorn, & L. Oaks (Eds.), Risk, culture, and health inequality : shifting perceptions of danger and blame (pp. 13–33). Westport: Praeger Publishers.
Keywords: harm reduction; harm reduction policy; health promotion; anthropology; risk factors; risk-taking behavior; addiction medicine (field); United States; South Asia; Southeast Asia
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Ogborne, A. C., Carver, V., & Wiebe, J. (2001). Harm reduction in Australia. In Harm reduction and injection drug use : an international comparative study of contextual factors influencing the development and implementation of relevant policies and programs (pp. 81–103). Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Substance Abuse (CCSA).
Keywords: harm reduction; needle distribution and exchange; HIV infection; hepatitis C; treatment and maintenance; drug substitution therapy; factor analysis; injection room; drug user; harm reduction policy; AOD overdose; health information and education; AOD public policy strategy; Australia
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Guggenbühl, L., & Uchtenhagen, A. (2000). Negotiation of qualitative requirements : overview on reported guidelines and criteria for professional quality in substance abuse treatment and care : quality criteria of the quality management system QuaTheDA (Switzerland). In Adequacy in drug abuse treatment and care in Europe (ADAT) : Part III: professionalism in treatment and care of drug addicts : country reports, guidelines, materials (pp. 93–102;116). Zurich: Addiction Research Institute.
Keywords: quality; quality control; AOD abuse; treatment and maintenance; addiction care; recommendations or guidelines; Switzerland
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