Bühler, A., & Kröger, C. (2008). Prevention of substance abuse. Insights, 7. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Abstract: This publication provides information on best practice in drug prevention at European, national, regional and municipal level. It is a translation of a German study commissioned by the Federal Centre for Health Education, Cologne. While, in some sections, reference is made particularly to Germany, the publication’s conclusions are international, providing added value for a pan-European or global readership. It is hoped that the publication will help accelerate the development in Member States of quality standards for prevention projects and training requirements for prevention workers.
Keywords: prevention; prevention directed at groups; prevention outcome; research; Germany; Europe
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various. (2010). Guidelines for testing HIV, viral hepatitis and other infections in injecting drug users (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Ed.). Manuals, 6. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Abstract: Infectious diseases are among the most serious health consequences of injecting drug use and can lead to significant healthcare costs. Injecting drug users are vulnerable to a range of infectious and communicable diseases through a variety of risk behaviours, and because of underlying conditions such as poor hygiene, homelessness and poverty. There is a recognised need for guidance on providing IDUs with a medical examination and testing for HIV, viral hepatitis and several other infections on a regular basis. In addition, improving testing uptake in this group would benefit epidemiological surveillance and monitoring as carried out at the national and international level. These guidelines are accompanied by a recommended package of prevention and primary care in relation to injecting drug users and infections. Treatment and other specialist care are not discussed in detail but are dealt with by indicating referral to appropriate services.
Keywords: addiction; AOD use, abuse, and dependence; chemical addiction; health; prevention; primary health care; communicable disease; intravenous drug user; risk-taking behavior; viral hepatitis; HIV infection; social services; recommendations or guidelines; Europe
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King, L. A. (2004). An overview of cannabis potency in Europe. Insights, 6. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Abstract: Cannabis is the illegal substance most commonly used in all countries of the European Union. The increased use of cannabis during the past decade has increased the profile of the drug. Used mainly by young adults, but also by many schoolchildren, cannabis is a drug consumed by individuals during their formative years, at a time when they may be more vulnerable to the long-term harmful effects of drug use. Comments in the media and elsewhere of a large increase in the potency of cannabis have raised concerns that the drug now available is much stronger than that available in the past.
Keywords: AOD use, abuse, and dependence; illicit drug; cannabis; cannabis product; medical use of marijuana; AOD use behavior; AOD effects and consequences; target group; adolescent; child; Europe
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various. (2010). Guidelines for collecting data on retail drug prices in Europe : issues and challenges (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Ed.). Manuals, 5. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Abstract: Prices are an essential element of the illicit drug market, from both a supply and demand perspective. They are an indicator of drug availability and are an important tool for understanding the workings of drug supply mechanisms. They may also be used to help target law enforcement resources and assist criminal justice agencies with decisions related to prosecution and sentencing (e.g. assets recovery). The EMCDDA has been collecting information on retail drug prices via its Reitox focal points for the last 15 years. Although considerable progress has been made in this area, there is still variation in data collection in Europe. To address this issue, the EMCDDA has released these Guidelines for collecting data on retail drug prices in Europe: issues and challenges in its Manuals series. The Manual raises awareness on specific issues related to collecting data on retail drug prices and offers practical suggestions. It addresses difficulties in obtaining a definition of ’retail’ prices, and discusses the challenge of obtaining a representative sample of illicit, and therefore hidden, transactions. Suggestions are made for a minimum set of variables to be recorded for each observation. Targeted at all those involved in data collection on drug prices in Europe, the Manual reviews the main data-collection methods, current national practices and data-management issues.
Keywords: research; data collection; price and pricing; illicit drug; recommendations or guidelines; Europe
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various. (2002). Prosecution of drug users in Europe – varying pathways to similar objectives (N. Dorn, C. Black, D. Ballotta, B. Hughes, B. Lisgarten, G. Greenwood, et al., Eds.). Insights, 5. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Abstract: Researching and analysing the responses of the criminal-justice systems to drug offenders throughout Europe is one of the EMCDDA’s priorities. This study is the result of a decision taken by the EMCDDA’s Management Board in 1999 to set up a legal information system on drugs. This study, focusing on the gap between law and practice, aims to highlight the real outcomes for individuals arrested for using and selling drugs and committing property crimes.
Keywords: laws and regulations; law enforcement; prosecution; AODR crime; drug dealing; Europe; European Union
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Rhodes, T., Barnard, M., Fountain, J., Hariga, F., Avilés, N. R., Vicente, J., et al. (2001). Injecting drug use, risk behaviour and qualitative research in the time of AIDS (T. Rhodes, G. Greenwood, & K. Robertson, Eds.). Insights, 4. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Abstract: Injecting is one of the main causes of health damage related to illegal drug use today. It is strongly related to fatal and non-fatal overdoses, as well as to the transmission of infectious diseases, such as hepatitis B and C, and HIV infection. Yet studying drug injection is no easy task, due to its hidden nature and low prevalence in general population terms. It is necessary to understand why and how people decide to engage in such dangerous behaviour, and to analyse how drug injectors perceive risk. There are fundamental issues that need to be understood in order to interpret and better use epidemiological quantitative data on the subject. This publication is the result of a review undertaken by the EMCDDA working group on injecting drug use and risk behaviour. It helps in understanding injecting drug use and its adverse health consequences, particularly risk behaviour associated with the transmission of HIV.
Keywords: AOD use, abuse, and dependence; chemical addiction; intravenous drug user; AOD induced risk; AODR mortality; infection; HIV infection; Aids; hepatitis B; hepatitis C; Europe; European Union
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various. (2007). Guidelines for the evaluation of treatment in the field of problem drug use : a manual for researchers and professionals (European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Ed.). Manuals, 3. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Abstract: The main objective of the guidelines is to provide a European audience with basic information on the options, elements and procedures of drug-related treatment evaluation. The target readership includes professionals working in treatment services for substance use and dependence, administrators and officials in social and health authorities, researchers dealing with treatment of substance dependence, and those who professionally or politically may have an interest in evidence from treatment evaluation.
Keywords: research; government and politics; treatment and maintenance; addiction; AOD dependence; chemical addiction; diagnosis; recommendations or guidelines; Europe
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Uchtenhagen, A. (1988). Zum Delinquenzverlauf bei Heroinabhängigen. In J. Schuh, M. Boehlen, & S. A. für Kriminologie (Eds.), Jugend und Delinquenz = Jeunesse et délinquance (pp. 337–347). Kriminologie, 3. Grüsch: Rüegger.
Keywords: addiction; AOD dependence; chemical addiction; heroin; AODR crime; drug user; illicit drug; offender; treatment and maintenance; criminal penalty
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various. (2000). Reviewing current practice in drug-substitution treatment in the European Union (M. Farrell, S. Howes, A. Verster, M. Davoli, U. Solberg, G. Greenwood, et al., Eds.). Insights, 3. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Abstract: This volume is the result of an EMCDDA-commissioned study carried out in 1998 and 1999 into one of the most widely discussed drug-related topics in Europe today: substitution treatment. The study was prompted by the lively debate on the issue in the mid-1990s, when Switzerland launched its first heroin trial, France began buprenorphine treatment and methadone programmes expanded rapidly throughout Europe. These initiatives led to an increased focus on substitution treatment and to the trajectories it was to follow in the future. The volume opens with a historical overview of substitution treatment, the development of methadone maintenance and other substitution services and a section on monitoring and evaluation. It closes with a series of country profiles for each of the then 15 EU Member States, all containing an introduction to substitution treatment in the country concerned.
Keywords: treatment and maintenance; drug substitution therapy; methadone maintenance; buprenorphine maintenance; heroin-assisted treatment; Switzerland; Europe; European Union
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Brunner, N., Falcato, L., & Bruggmann, P. (2009). Mögliche QTc Verlängerungen durch Methadon und ihre praktische Handhabung in der substitutionsgestützten Behandlung. Eval-Info, 3/09. Zürich: Arbeitsgemeinschaft für risikoarmen Umgang mit Drogen (ARUD).
Abstract: Die Kardiotoxizität von Methadon durch Verlängerung der QTc Zeit im EKG wird in den letzten Jahren vermehrt diskutiert. Die Zusammenhänge zwischen Methadondosierung, QTc Verlängerung im EKG und dem damit assoziierten Risiko von lebensbedrohlichen Herzrhythmusstörungen sind jedoch noch ungenügend geklärt und die Literatur dazu ist widersprüchlich. In dieser Ausgabe des Evalinfo geben wir eine aktuelle Literaturübersicht zum Thema QTc Verlängerung durch Methadon und stellen die Ergebnisse einer Auswertung von Behandlungsdaten der ARUD Zürich vor. Schliesslich sollen praktische Empfehlungen zur Handhabung von EKGs und möglicherweise auftretenden QTc Verlängerungen in substitutionsgestützter Behandlung gegeben werden. Die Übersicht über die aktuelle Literatur und unsere Daten sprechen dafür, weiterhin in erster Linie bei hohen Methadondosen ein EKG zu veranlassen. Bei zusätzlichen Risikofaktoren sollte man auch bei Beginn der Substitution und bei tiefen Methadondosen eine EKGAbleitung in Erwägung ziehen. Die Patienten sollten über ein mögliches Risiko aufgeklärt werden und allfällige Zeichen wie Synkopen, Schwindel und Palpitationen erkennen können.
Keywords: treatment and maintenance; methadone maintenance; drug substitution therapy
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