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Riley, D. (1993). The harm reduction model : pragmatic approaches to drug use from the area between intolerance and neglect. Ottawa: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse (CCSA).
Keywords: harm reduction; AOD use, abuse, and dependence; illicit drug; history; HIV infection; Aids; intravenous injection; needle distribution and exchange; treatment and maintenance; methadone maintenance; drug substitution therapy; alcohol; controlled drinking; health promotion; prevention through education; law enforcement; Canada
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Cook, C., & Kanaef, N. (2008). The global state of harm reduction 2008 : mapping the response to drug-related HIV and hepatitis C epidemics. London: International Harm Reduction Association (IHRA).
Abstract: This report consolidates existing data on drug use, HIV and hepatitis C, documents harm reduction policies and practices worldwide, and records the activities of relevant multilateral agencies (such as the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime).
Keywords: harm reduction; harm reduction policy; intravenous injection; AOD induced risk; infection; HIV infection; hepatitis C; international area; United Nations Organisation (body)
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Remmers, P. (2005). The gambling industry and the prevention of gambling problems. In Le jeu dans tous ses états (30). Brussels: Assissa, Pieter Remmers.
Keywords: pathological gambling; prevention; disorder classification; business and industry; corporate responsibility
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Ghodse, A. H., Jones, M. O., Gauntlett, A. N., Cremers, L., Schoemann, O., & de Lammalle, J. P. (1990). The evaluation of methadone substitution therapy and its impact on HIV risk behaviours : protocol. London; Brussels: St. George's Hospital Medical School; Projet Lama.
Keywords: treatment and maintenance; outpatient care; HIV infection; study
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, & European Commission. (2010). The European Union and the drug phenomenon : frequently asked questions. Brochures. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Abstract: Respect for fundamental rights, protection of public health, well-being, social cohesion and security are the objectives that guide the actions taken by the European Union in the field of illicit drugs. The EU drugs strategy 2005–12 provides the framework for enhanced coordination between action taken at national, EU and international level and commits the members of the EU to tackle illicit drugs by striking a balance between reducing supply and demand. This joint publication between the EMCDDA and the European Commission brings together some of the key frequently asked questions on the EU’s drugs policy and how it functions. Further details can be found via the websites and other links provided at the end of each answer. The brochure exists in English and French language versions.
Keywords: addiction; AOD use, abuse, and dependence; chemical addiction; public health; public policy on AOD; illicit drug; coordination of activities; law enforcement; Europe; international area
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Stöver, H., & Trautmann, F. (1998). The European peer support project : phase 3 : risk reduction activities in prison. Utrecht: Trimbos Institute.
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Verpalen, R., & Trautmann, F. (1997). The European peer support project : phase 3 : evaluation of phase one and two. Utrecht: Trimbos Institute.
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Verpalen, R., & Trautmann, F. (1997). The European peer support project : phase 3 : encouragement, development and support of peer support aiming at harm reduction in IDU communities : final report. Utrecht: Trimbos Institute.
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Wang, J. (2000). The epidemiology of sexual and drug-related behaviors associated with HIV transmission in the 1990s : will HAART matter? Zürich; Bern: Universität Zürich, Institut für Sozial- und Präventivmedizin; Eidgenössische Kommission für Aidsfragen (EKAF).
Keywords: health promotion; HIV infection; Aids
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Leonard, L., Forrester, L., Navarro, C., Hansen, J., & Doucet, C. (1999). The effectiveness of needle exchange programs in modifying HIV-related outcomes : a systematic review of the evidence 1997-1999 : Infectious disease, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including HIV/AIDS. Ottawa: University of Ottawa, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Community Health Research Unit.
Abstract: Objective To examine the effectiveness of needle exchange programs (NEPs) in modifying HIV-related outcomes in injection drug users (IDUs). Methods On-line computer searches of six electronic databases, hand searches of core journals and relevant studies, combined with key informant suggestions at the federal and front line level for potentially relevant studies, and review of local and community publications, resulted in the retrieval of 84 studies from 1997 to 1999 related to the effectiveness of needle exchange programs. The HIV-related outcomes of interest examined were behavioural (modifications in HIV-risk-related injection practices) and end-point physical health status outcomes (changes in rates of HIV, hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) seroprevalence or incidence) at either the population (most frequently, city; less frequently, country) or individual level. Results Relevance and quality assessment reviews resulted in the inclusion in this review of 21 relevant but largely methodologically weak primary studies. From the evidence of these primary studies, NEPs appear to continue to be effective in modifying most HIV risk-related injection practices although engagement in sharing drug preparation equipment continues. The earlier protective effect of NEP attendance against HIV, HBV and HCV seroconversion has not been consistently sustained. However, NEPs appear to be effective in attracting a group of IDUs experiencing higher HIV risk conditions and who are thereby at increased risk for HIV infection. Conclusions NEPs appear well positioned, as an accessible service, to continue to offer the knowledge and the means to modify engagement in HIV-risk-related injection practices. Enhanced programming is needed to address the documented continued sharing of injection preparation equipment, to modify engagement in a potentially effective, yet largely unrecognized, method of HIV transmission. The potential role of NEPs to expand and diversify as an acceptable comprehensive health resource for a marginalized group of people for whom mainstream health care has not always been easily accessible must be realized.
Keywords: harm reduction; needle distribution and exchange; prevention; HIV infection; impact of policy or law; Canada
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