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Author |
Merzel, Cheryl; D'Afflitti, Joanna |
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Title |
Reconsidering community-based health promotion : promise, performance, and potential |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
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American journal of public health : official journal of the American Public Health Association |
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Volume |
93 |
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4; 04/2003 |
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557-574 |
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Keywords |
health promotion; communicable disease; HIV infection; community-based prevention; United States |
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Abstract |
Contemporary public health emphasizes a community-based approach to health promotion and disease prevention. The evidence from the past 20 years indicates, however, that many community-based programs have had only modest impact, with the notable exception of a number of HIV prevention programs. To better understand the reasons for these outcomes, we conducted a systematic literature review of 32 community-based prevention programs. Reasons for poor performance include methodological challenges to study design and evaluation, concurrent secular trends, smaller-than-expected effect sizes, limitations of the interventions, and limitations of theories used. The effectiveness of HIV programs appears to be related in part to extensive formative research and an emphasis on changing social norms |
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English |
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0090-0036 (Print); 1541-0048 (Online) |
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Call Number |
50-11667 |
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59924 |
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Author |
Stadt Zürich |
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Title |
Sip Züri : freier Verkehr |
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Miscellaneous |
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Year |
2004 |
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prevention; public area; social services; street work; Switzerland; Zurich |
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Stadt Zürich, Sozialdepartement |
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Zürich |
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German |
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50-03598 |
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62006 |
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Author |
Dietrich, Nicolas |
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Title |
QuaThéDA (Qualité Thérapie Drogues Alcool) |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2004 |
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Les Echos de l’A.I.C.L.F. |
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2; 02/2004 |
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3 |
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quality control; Switzerland |
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French |
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50-13366 |
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60051 |
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Author |
Donoghoe, Martin C.; Dolan, Kate A.; Stimson, Gerry V. |
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Title |
Life-style factors and social circumstances of syringe sharing in injecting drug users |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1992 |
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British journal of addiction |
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Volume |
87 |
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7 |
Pages |
993-1003 |
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Keywords |
harm reduction |
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Measures taken to reduce HIV risk by injecting drug users have been reported in many countries, but a minority of injectors continue to engage in risky practices. In an ongoing cohort study, 207 drug injectors were interviewed and anonymously tested for HIV antibodies in saliva in 1989. Injectors reporting recent syringe sharing were compared with those not recently sharing; injecting events where sharing did and did not take place were examined. Those recently sharing syringes differed significantly from the non-sharers on several factors, including: use of heroin, dihydrocodeine and temazepam; injection of heroin, temazepam and prescribed methadone; accommodation and contact with other injectors; means of financial support and recent involvement in crime; secondary sources of injecting equipment and unsafe disposal; employment of HIV protective strategies; treatment contact with general practitioners; number of sexual partners and injecting status of sexual partners. The two groups were not significantly different in terms of attendance at syringe-exchange schemes and self-reported HIV antibody status. Syringe sharing would appear to be related to social circumstances and life-style factors rather than just individual choices and motivation. |
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Call Number |
50-02981 |
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59785 |
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Author |
Lader, Malcolm; Russell, Justin |
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Title |
Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of benzodiazepine dependence: summary of a report from the Mental Health Foundation |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1993 |
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Addiction |
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88 |
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12 |
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1707-1708 |
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addiction; AOD dependence; chemical addiction; drug |
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Call Number |
50-03367 |
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59832 |
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Author |
Ross, Michael W.; Wodak, Alex; Stowe, Aaron; Gold, Julian |
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Title |
Explanations for sharing injection equipment in injecting drug users and barriers to safer drug use |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Addiction |
Abbreviated Journal |
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89 |
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Pages |
473-479 |
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Keywords |
harm reduction |
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We examined the explanations given by a sample of 1245 injecting drug users in Sydney, Australia for accepting used injection equipment. Factor analysis of these reasons revealed three dimensions of sharing: not caring when withdrawing or intoxicated, unavailability of equipment, and not seeing it as high risk or ease of injecting. The most common reasons given were difficulty in obtaining sterile equipment (73% of cases), the dangers not seeming so important when in withdrawal (40%) and sharing being something done with friends or lovers (31%). Most common reasons for not sharing were related to health issues (91% citing AIDS and 67% hepatitis). These data suggest that interventions target provision of sterile equipment, and education which highlights risk situations such as intoxication and withdrawal. |
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50-02983 |
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59786 |
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Author |
Rhodes, Tim; Holland, Janet; Hartnoll, Richard; Johnson, Anne |
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Title |
HIV outreach health education : national and international perspectives : summary report to the department of health |
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Report |
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1991 |
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addiction; AOD dependence; chemical addiction |
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This paper focuses on the prevalence and profile of opiate use, primarily heroin, in the United States and Europe. Methods include representative population surveys, which understate prevalence, and targeted approaches, which reflect more problematic use. In the United States and Europe, the lifetime prevalence of opiate use reported in surveys remained stable over the 1980s (around 1%), though young adults report higher rates. Estimates for the early 1990s suggest that the prevalence of problematic heroin use in the United States was double the average for western Europe. However, in a few European countries prevalence is now approaching that of the United States. Rates in major cities are considerably higher, especially in the north-east and south-west of the United States. Higher prevalence is often, although not always, associated with socio-economic deprivation. An important trend away from injecting is observed, notably in some European countries. Heroin availability and use, as well as serious heroin-related consequences, are increasing again in many European countries after an apparent pause in the mid-1980s. They are also increasing in parts of the United States. Heroin remains a public health priority, especially among vulnerable populations, including young people in central and eastern Europe. |
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Drug Indicators Project |
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London |
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English |
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Call Number |
50-03475 |
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56239 |
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Author |
Wodak, Alex; Crofts, Nick |
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Title |
Once more unto the breach: controlling hepatitis C in injecting drug users |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
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Addiction |
Abbreviated Journal |
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91 |
Issue |
2 |
Pages |
181-184 |
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Keywords |
health promotion |
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Call Number |
50-02838 |
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59763 |
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Author |
Crofts, Nick; Nigro, Luciano; Oman, Kimberly; Stevenson, Elaine; Sherman, John |
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Title |
Research Report : Methadone maintenance and hepatitis C virus infection among injecting drug users |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1997 |
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Addiction |
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92 |
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8 |
Pages |
999-1005 |
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Keywords |
health promotion; HIV infection; Aids |
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Harm reduction strategies for the prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission among injecting drug users (IDUs) have been widely implemented in Australia and are seen to have been effective in preventing the spread of HIV. A major strategy has been increasing the availability of and accessibility to methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) programmes. We have reviewed the experience of a major MMT general practice with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection from 1991 to 1995. Of 1741 individuals tested for HCV antibodies at least once 66.7% were positive. Of 73 IDUs who were initially seronegative and were retested at least once, 19 were subsequently seropositive. Seroconverters to HCV were younger than non-seroconverters, and were more likely to have evidence of previous hepatitis B infection. The overall HCV incidence rate was 22 cases per 100 person-years, and this did not differ between those on MMT programs (continuous or interrupted) between HCV tests and those not on MMT. These findings suggest that the role of MMT in the control of the spread of HCV infection among IDUs needs further assessment, and that control of the current epidemic of HCV infection among IDUs in Australia will be very difficult. |
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0965-2140 |
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Call Number |
50-02827 |
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59756 |
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Author |
Edlin, Brian R. |
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Title |
Prevention and treatment of hepatitis C in injection drug users |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2002 |
Publication |
Hepatology |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
36 |
Issue |
5b |
Pages |
210-219 |
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Keywords |
health promotion; HIV infection; Aids |
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Injection drug users constitute the largest group of persons infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the United States, and most new infections occur in drug users. Controlling hepatitis C in the U.S. population, therefore, will require developing, testing, and implementing effective prevention and treatment strategies for persons who inject drugs. Fortunately, a substantial body of research and clinical experience exists on the prevention and management of chronic viral diseases among injection drug users. The need to implement interventions to stop the spread of HCV among drug users is critical. The capacity of substance-use treatment programs need to be expanded to accommodate all who want and need treatment. Physicians and pharmacists should be educated in how to provide access to sterile syringes and to teach safe injection techniques, both of which are lifesaving interventions. The treatment of hepatitis C in drug users requires an interdisciplinary approach that brings together expertise in treating hepatitis and caring for drug users. Treatment decisions should be made individually by patients with their physicians, based on a balanced assessment of risks and benefits and the patient’s personal values. Physicians should carefully assess, monitor, and support adherence and mental health in all patients, regardless of whether drug use is known or suspected. Research is needed to better understand how best to prevent and treat hepatitis C in substance users. In the meantime, substantial progress can be made if existing knowledge and resources are brought to bear. |
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1527-3350 |
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50-02829 |
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59757 |
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