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Steppan, Martin; Künzel, Jutta; Pfeiffer-Gerschel, Tim |
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Title |
Suchtkrankenhilfe in Deutschland 2011 : Jahresbericht der Deutschen Suchthilfestatistik (DSHS) |
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Report |
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2012 |
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71 |
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addiction care; chemical addiction; nonchemical addiction; psychoactive substances; licit drug; illicit drug; alcohol; opioids in any form; cannabis; cocaine; pathological gambling; comorbidity; treatment and maintenance; treatment outcome; treatment duration; therapy; evaluation; inpatient care; outpatient care; demographic characteristics; annual report; statistical data; international area; Germany |
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In diesem Bericht werden jährlich die wichtigsten aktuellen Ergebnisse der Deutschen Suchthilfestatistik (DSHS) zusammengefasst. Die aktuell vorliegende Statistik basiert auf den Daten des Jahres 2011, die mit dem Deutschen Kerndatensatz zur Dokumentation im Bereich der Suchtkrankenhilfe (KDS), der in seiner aktuellen Fassung seit 2007 Verwendung findet, erhoben worden sind. Im Jahr 2011 wurden in 778 ambulanten und 166 stationären Einrichtungen, die sich an der DSHS beteiligt haben, 313.604 ambulante und 37.354 stationäre Betreuungen durchgeführt. Die Deutsche Suchtkrankenhilfe zählt zu den größten Versorgungssystemen im Suchtbereich in Europa. Primäres Ziel dieses Beitrags ist eine breite Ergebnisdarstellung zu aktuellen Daten der DSHS. Der Bericht bietet einen Überblick über diagnostische Angaben zum primären Betreuungsanlass der Patienten1 sowie Informationen zu weiteren substanzbezogenen Störungen. Diese auf Basis der ICD-10 diagnostizierten substanzbezogenen Komorbiditäten erlauben eine Identifikation häufiger Gebrauchsmuster von Personen, die in Deutschland suchtspezifische Hilfe in Anspruch nehmen. Neben diesen diagnostischen Daten werden soziodemographische Variablen wie Alter, Beziehungsstatus und Erwerbssituation berichtet sowie Angaben zu Behandlungsdauer und -erfolg gemacht. The most important results of the Statistical Report on substance abuse treatment in Germany (DSHS) are summarized in this article. The current statistics are based on data from 2011, which were gathered by means of the German Core Dataset (updated version valid from 2007) for documentation in the area of drug treatment (KDS). The 2011 DSHS data set was composed of 778 outpatient and 166 inpatient centres, in which 313,604 and 37,354 cares were carried out. The German drug treatment system is among the most extensive in Europe. This chapter aims to provide a quick overview of the current substance abuse treatment situation in Germany. The primary purpose of this article is a broad presentation of results. In detail this chapter includes diagnostic data on the primary causes of patient treatment as well as information on further substance-related disorders. Substance-related comorbidities, based on diagnoses by means of ICD-10, permit an identification of the most frequent patterns of substance abuse in patients who have entered substance abuse treatment. Besides diagnostic data, socio-demographic variables such as age, marital and employment status are reported. Finally the results of treatment duration and outcome are panoramically presented. |
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Institut für Therapieforschung (IFT) |
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München |
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German |
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50-13009 |
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56612 |
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Suris, Joan-Carles; Flatz, Aline; Akré, Christina; Berchtold, André |
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Title |
La problématique des jeux d'argent chez les adolescents du canton de Berne |
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2012 |
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60 |
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adolescent; student; nonchemical addiction; pathological gambling; internet; comorbidity; chemical addiction; AOD consumption; psychoactive substances; recommendations or guidelines; prevention; statistical data; Berne (canton); questionnaire |
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Institut universitaire de médecine sociale et préventive (IUMSP); Unité dévaluation de programmes de prévention (UEPP) |
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Lausanne |
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French |
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Raisons de santé |
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rds |
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202a |
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Zusammenfassung : auch auf Deutsch vorhanden: 50-13028 |
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50-13027 |
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56614 |
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Suris, Joan-Carles; Flatz, Aline; Akré, Christina; Berchtold, André |
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Title |
Das Problem des Glücksspiels bei Jugendlichen im Kanton Bern (Zusammenfassung) |
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2012 |
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7 |
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adolescent; student; nonchemical addiction; pathological gambling; internet; comorbidity; chemical addiction; AOD consumption; psychoactive substances; recommendations or guidelines; prevention; statistical data; Berne (canton); questionnaire |
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Institut universitaire de médecine sociale et préventive (IUMSP); Unité dévaluation de programmes de prévention (UEPP) |
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Lausanne |
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German |
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Raisons de santé |
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rds |
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202b |
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Version complète en français aussi disponible: 50-13027 |
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50-13028 |
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56615 |
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von Stokar, Thomas; Zandonella, Remo; Schwab Cammarano, Stephanie; Halblützel, Sarina |
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Spielsucht bei Internet-Glücksspielen : Spielmuster und soziodemografische Merkmale : Schlussbericht |
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2012 |
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92 |
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AOD use, abuse, and dependence; nonchemical addiction; pathological gambling; internet; AOD use pattern; risk-taking behavior; demographic characteristics; statistical data; Switzerland; questionnaire |
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Infras; Sucht Schweiz |
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Zürich; Lausanne |
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German |
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50-13042 |
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56618 |
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Winpenny, Eleanor; Sunil, Patil; Elliot, Marc; Villalba van Dijk, Lidia; Hinrichs, Saba; Marteau, Theresa; Nolte, Ellen |
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Title |
Assessment of young people's exposure to alcohol marketing in audiovisual and online media |
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2012 |
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xix, 158 |
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assessment; advertisement; exposure to AOD ad; television; internet; licit drug; alcohol; adolescent; statistical data; international area; Europe; European Union |
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The overall aim of the work presented in this report was to use novel approaches to measure alcohol advertisement exposure among young people in Europe through audiovisual and online media. |
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RAND Europe; European Commission |
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London; Brussels |
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English |
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50-13045 |
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56620 |
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Kwasniewski, Aleksander; Jahangir, Asma; Fuentes, Carlos; Gaviria, César; Zedillo, Ernesto; Cardoso, Fernando Henrique; Papandreou, George; Shultz, George P.; Solana, Javier; Whitehead, John; Arbour, Louise; Cattaui, Maria; Vargas Llosa, Mario; Caspers-Merk, Marion; Kazatchkine, Michel; Volcker, Paul; Bém, Pavel; Lagos, Ricardo; Branson, Richard; Dreifuss, Ruth; Stoltenberg, Thorvald |
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Der Krieg gegen die Drogen und HIV/Aids : wie die Kriminalisierung des Drogenkonsums die globale Pandemie anheizt |
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2012 |
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23 |
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government and politics; laws and regulations; law enforcement; prison; war; public health; communicable disease; HIV infection; Aids; epidemiology; intravenous drug user; AOD consumption; illicit drug; heroin; AODR mortality; harm reduction; needle distribution and exchange; prevention; criminalization; social and economic cost of AOD; AODR violence; drug market; political activism; recommendations or guidelines; international area |
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Der weltweite Krieg gegen die Drogen verstärkt die HIV/ Aids-Pandemie unter den Drogenkonsumierenden und ihren Sexualpartnern. Rund um den Globus hat die Forschung übereinstimmend gezeigt, dass eine repressive Strafverfolgungspraxis im Drogenbereich die Drogenkonsumierenden von der Gesundheitsversorgung fernhält und sie in den Untergrund drängt, wo ein deutlich erhöhtes HIV-Risiko besteht. Auch die massenweise Inhaftierung von nicht gewalttätigen Drogendelinquenten trägt erheblich zur Erhöhung des HIV-Risikos bei. In vielen Ländern ist dies ein grosses Problem für die öffentliche Gesundheit. Dies gilt auch für die Vereinigten Staaten, wo sich jährlich bis zu 25 Prozent der HIV-infizierten Einwohnerinnen und Einwohner in einer Haftanstalt befinden und wo überproportionale Inhaftierungsraten einen der Hauptgründe für deutlich höhere HIV-Raten in der afroamerikanischen Bevölkerung darstellen. Zudem ist belegt, dass die strafrechtliche Verfolgung von Drogenkonsumierenden Hindernisse für die HIV-Behandlung schafft. Wissenschaftliche Daten zeigen, dass die Behandlung einer HIV-Infektion das Risiko einer HIV-Übertragung durch infizierte Personen erheblich verringert. Doch die aggressive Strafverfolgungstaktik im Drogenbereich führt zu Unterbrüchen in der HIV-Therapie. Heute wird noch zu wenig anerkannt, dass die Folgen, die sich daraus für die öffentliche Gesundheit ergeben, die Anstrengungen zur Eindämmung der weltweiten HIV/Aids- Pandemie stark behindern. Der Krieg gegen die Drogen hat auch zu einer Verzerrung der Politik geführt. In diesem Zusammenhang wurden evidenzbasierte Massnahmen zur Behandlung der Abhängigkeit und zum Schutz der öffentlichen Gesundheit heruntergespielt oder ignoriert. Während dieses Problem an vielen Orten der Welt besteht, nimmt eine Reihe von Ländern, unter anderem die USA, Russland und Thailand, die wissenschaftlichen Daten und die Empfehlungen der Weltgesundheitsorganisation überhaupt nicht zur Kenntnis und widersetzt sich der Einführung von evidenzbasierten HIV-Präventionsprogrammen – mit verheerenden Folgen. In Russland ist heute beispielsweise jeder hundertste Erwachsene mit HIV infiziert. Im Gegensatz dazu konnte in Ländern, die eine evidenzbasierte Suchttherapie und Massnahmen zum Schutz der öffentlichen Gesundheit eingeführt haben, die HIV-Epidemie unter den Drogenkonsumierenden – ebenso wie die Raten des intravenösen Drogenkonsums – markant eingedämmt werden. Zwar bestehen klare Konsensrichtlinien, um derartige Erfolge zu erreichen. Doch die Instrumente der HIV-Prävention werden zu wenig genutzt, während schädliche politische Handlungskonzepte, die auf den Krieg gegen die Drogen ausgerichtet sind, nur sehr langsam angepasst werden. Möglicherweise ist dies auf die falsche Annahme zurückzuführen, dass Beschlagnahmungen, Festnahmen und strafrechtliche Verurteilungen im Zusammenhang mit Drogen sowie weitere gängige Gradmesser des «Erfolgs» der Drogenrepression dazu beitragen, die Verfügbarkeit von illegalen Drogen zu verringern. Daten des Büros der Vereinten Nationen für Drogen- und Verbrechensbekämpfung zeigen jedoch, dass das weltweite Angebot an illegalen Opiaten wie Heroin in den letzten Jahrzehnten um mehr als 380 Prozent zugenommen hat: Es stieg von 1000 Tonnen im Jahr 1980 auf über 4800 Tonnen im Jahr 2010. Parallel zu dieser Erhöhung sank der Heroinpreis in Europa zwischen 1990 und 2009 um 79 Prozent. Auch aus den Daten der Drogenüberwachung der Vereinigten Staaten, ergeben sich ähnliche Hinweise darauf, dass sich das Drogenangebot mit dem Drogenkrieg nicht einschränken lässt. Zum Beispiel wurden seit den frühen 1980er-Jahren die Bundesmittel zur Drogenbekämpfung in den Vereinigten Staaten um mehr als 600 Prozent aufgestockt, während der Heroinpreis in diesem Zeitraum um rund 80 Prozent sank und der Reinheitsgrad des Heroins sich um mehr als 900 Prozent erhöhte. Ein ähnliches Muster mit sinkenden Drogenpreisen und einer zunehmenden Stärke der Drogen geht aus den Überwachungsdaten der USA zu Kokain und Cannabis hervor. Wie bei der Alkoholprohibition in den USA in den 1920er-Jahren heizt die weltweite Drogenprohibition heute die Gewalt im Drogenmarkt rund um den Globus an. So wird geschätzt, dass seit der militärischen Eskalation des Vorgehens gegen die Drogenkartelle, die 2006 durch die mexikanischen Regierungstruppen eingeleitet wurde, über 50’000 Menschen getötet wurden. Befürworter von aggressiven Strafverfolgungsstrategien im Drogenbereich gehen möglicherweise davon aus, dass ein Blutvergiessen dieses Ausmasses dem Drogenmarkt die Möglichkeit nimmt, illegale Drogen herzustellen und zu vertreiben. Kürzlich vorgenommene Schätzungen weisen jedoch darauf hin, dass die Heroinproduktion in Mexiko seit 2004 um mehr als 340 Prozent zugenommen hat. In den Regionen und Ländern, in denen sich die HIV-Epidemie hauptsächlich durch den intravenösen Drogenkonsum ausbreitet, verstärkt sie sich zunehmend. Nach neueren Erkenntnissen nehmen die Infektionen, die mit dem intravenösen Drogenkonsum zusammenhängen, unterdessen auch in weiteren Regionen zu, unter anderem in den afrikanischen Ländern südlich der Sahara. Leider wurden die Gesundheitsbehörden der einzelnen Staaten und der Vereinten Nationen ausgebootet. Während der Krieg gegen die Drogen die HIV-Epidemie in vielen Regionen anheizt, verfolgen die Strafverfolgungsbehörden und UNAgenturen aktiv ein aggressives Programm zur strafrechtlichen Verfolgung von Drogendelikten auf Kosten der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Eine nüchterne Betrachtung der Auswirkungen des Drogenkriegs würde zeigen, dass viele nationale und internationale Organisationen, die sich mit der Eindämmung des Drogenproblems befassen, in Wirklichkeit dazu beigetragen haben, die Gesundheit und Sicherheit der Gemeinschaft zu verschlechtern. Das muss sich ändern. |
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Weltkommission für Drogenpolitik (GCDP) |
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Rio de Janeiro |
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German |
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Aussi disponible en français: 50-12673; also available in English: 50-13081 |
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50-13079 |
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56625 |
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Kwasniewski, Aleksander; Jahangir, Asma; Fuentes, Carlos; Gaviria, César; Zedillo, Ernesto; Cardoso, Fernando Henrique; Papandreou, George; Shultz, George P.; Solana, Javier; Whitehead, John; Arbour, Louise; Cattaui, Maria; Vargas Llosa, Mario; Caspers-Merk, Marion; Kazatchkine, Michel; Volcker, Paul; Bém, Pavel; Lagos, Ricardo; Branson, Richard; Dreifuss, Ruth; Stoltenberg, Thorvald |
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The war on drugs and HIV/AIDS : how the criminalization of drug use fuels the global pandemic |
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2012 |
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20 |
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government and politics; laws and regulations; law enforcement; prison; war; public health; communicable disease; HIV infection; Aids; epidemiology; intravenous drug user; AOD consumption; illicit drug; heroin; AODR mortality; harm reduction; needle distribution and exchange; prevention; criminalization; social and economic cost of AOD; AODR violence; drug market; political activism; recommendations or guidelines; international area |
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The global war on drugs is driving the HIV/AIDS pandemic among people who use drugs and their sexual partners. Throughout the world, research has consistently shown that repressive drug law enforcement practices force drug users away from public health services and into hidden environments where HIV risk becomes markedly elevated. Mass incarceration of non-violent drug offenders also plays a major role in increasing HIV risk. This is a critical public health issue in many countries, including the United States, where as many as 25 percent of Americans infected with HIV may pass through correctional facilities annually, and where disproportionate incarceration rates are among the key reasons for markedly higher HIV rates among African Americans. Aggressive law enforcement practices targeting drug users have also been proven to create barriers to HIV treatment. Despite the evidence that treatment of HIV infection dramatically reduces the risk of HIV transmission by infected individuals, the public health implications of HIV treatment disruptions resulting from drug law enforcement tactics have not been appropriately recognized as a major impediment to efforts to control the global HIV/AIDS pandemic. The war on drugs has also led to a policy distortion whereby evidence-based addiction treatment and public health measures have been downplayed or ignored. While this is a common problem internationally, a number of specific countries, including the US, Russia and Thailand, ignore scientific evidence and World Health Organization recommendations and resist the implementation of evidence-based HIV prevention programs – with devastating consequences. In Russia, for example, approximately one in one hundred adults is now infected with HIV. In contrast, countries that have adopted evidence-based addiction treatment and public health measures have seen their HIV epidemics among people who use drugs – as well as rates of injecting drug use – dramatically decline. Clear consensus guidelines exist for achieving this success, but HIV prevention tools have been under-utilized while harmful drug war policies have been slow to change. This may be a result of the mistaken assumption that drug seizures, arrests, criminal convictions and other commonly reported indices of drug law enforcement “success” have been effective overall in reducing illegal drug availability. However, data from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime demonstrate that the worldwide supply of illicit opiates, such as heroin, has increased by more than 380 percent in recent decades, from 1000 metric tons in 1980 to more than 4800 metric tons in 2010. This increase coincided with a 79 percent decrease in the price of heroin in Europe between 1990 and 2009. Similar evidence of the drug war’s failure to control drug supply is apparent when US drug surveillance data are scrutinized. For instance, despite a greater than 600 percent increase in the US federal anti-drug budget since the early 1980s, the price of heroin in the US has decreased by approximately 80 percent during this period, and heroin purity has increased by more than 900 percent. A similar pattern of falling drug prices and increasing drug potency is seen in US drug surveillance data for other commonly used drugs, including cocaine and cannabis. As was the case with the US prohibition of alcohol in the 1920s, the global prohibition of drugs now fuels drug market violence around the world. For instance, it is estimated that more than 50,000 individuals have been killed since a 2006 military escalation against drug cartels by Mexican government forces. While supporters of aggressive drug law enforcement strategies might assume that this degree of bloodshed would disrupt the drug market’s ability to produce and distribute illegal drugs, recent estimates suggest that Mexican heroin production has increased by more than 340 percent since 2004. With the HIV epidemic growing in regions and countries where it is largely driven by injection drug use, and with recent evidence that infections related to injection drug use are now increasing in other regions, including sub-Saharan Africa, the time for leadership is now. Unfortunately, national and United Nations public health agencies have been sidelined. While the war on drugs has been fueling the HIV epidemic in many regions, other law enforcement bodies and UN agencies have been actively pursuing an aggressive drug law enforcement agenda at the expense of public health. Any sober assessment of the impacts of the war on drugs would conclude that many national and international organizations tasked with reducing the drug problem have actually contributed to a worsening of community health and safety. This must change. |
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Global Commission on Drug Policy (GCDP) |
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Rio de Janeiro |
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English |
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Auch auf Deutsch vorhanden: 50-13079; aussi disponible en français: 50-12673 |
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50-13081 |
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56626 |
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Buster, Marcel; Giraudon, Isabelle; Matias, João; Vicente, Julian; Taylor, Colin |
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Mortality among drug users : guidelines for carrying out, analysing and reporting key figures 2011-2012 |
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2012 |
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47 |
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AOD use pattern; AODR mortality; epidemiological indicators; AOD overdose; illicit drug; cocaine; opioids in any form; demographic characteristics; adolescent; AOD user; AOD dependent; statistical data; survey; international area; Europe |
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Drug-related mortality is a complex phenomenon, which accounts for a considerable percentage of deaths among young people in many European countries. The EMCDDA, in collaboration with national experts, has defined an epidemiological indicator with two components at present: deaths directly caused by illegal drugs (drug-induced deaths) and mortality rates among problem drug users. These two components can fulfil several public health and methodological objectives, notably as an indicator of the overall health impact of drug use and the components of this impact. This standard protocol focuses on the second component (mortality). It provides national focal points and experts with a guide for carrying out, analysing and reporting to the EMCDDA the key figures on mortality among drug users. It describes the features of the Fonte web-based interface which allow the Member States to report their mortality data to the EMCDDA. Each centre must adopt specific and effective procedures to ensure the absolute confidentiality of the information gathered and that the appropriate legislation on data protection, ethical approval and consent are respected. |
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Prevalence, Consequences and Data Management Unit |
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Lisbon |
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English |
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50-12852 |
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56777 |
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Author |
Mounteney, Jane; Evans-Brown, Michael; Giraudon, Isabelle |
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Title |
Fentanyl in Europe : EMCDDA trendspotter study : report from an EMCDDA expert meeting 9 to 10 October 2012 |
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2012 |
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13 |
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Keywords |
illicit drug; illegal drug use; fentanyl; AOD use pattern; AOD supply; AOD associated consequences; AODR mortality; public policy on AOD; treatment and maintenance; law enforcement; monitoring; statistical data; conference; international area; Europe; European Union |
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Abstract |
The EMCDDA Trendspotter case study on Fentanyl in Europe was undertaken during September and October 2012. It culminated in an expert meeting in Lisbon on 9-10 October 2012. The aim of the study was to increase understanding of the availability and illicit use of fentanyl in Europe, with a specific focus on: the extent and patterns of use; illicit production and diversion; harms and deaths; and, responses to the problem. Twelve experts from 10 EU Member States (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Estonia, Greece, Italy, Slovakia, Sweden, Finland, United Kingdom) attended the meeting, presenting their experiences and contributing to an analysis of the topic, providing insights from law enforcement, forensics, treatment, research and monitoring, and drug user perspectives. |
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Prevalence, Consequences and Data Management Unit |
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Lisbon |
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English |
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Technical reports |
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978-92-9168-565-3 |
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no |
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Call Number |
50-12853 |
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56778 |
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Author |
Frisher, Martin; Baldacchino, Alex; Crome, Ilana; Bloor, Roger |
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Title |
Preventing opioid overdoses in Europe : a critical assessment of known risk factors and preventative measures |
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2012 |
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82 |
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chemical addiction; opioids in any form; AOD user; risk factors; AOD use, abuse, and dependence; AOD use behavior; AOD overdose mortality; prevention; harm reduction; statistical data; questionnaire; international area; Europe; European Union |
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This report focuses on individual, situational and organisational risk factors for overdoses and how they can be modified to reduce fatal outcomes. Key risk and protective factors were categorised and their efficacy and the factors that facilitate or impede prevention were critically discussed by an expert panel. The review evidenced that many interventions may reduce overdose, particularly in settings where the drug user is in contact with treatment or emergency services. Specific interventions are proved to be effective (e.g. pharmacological treatment). At the population level, where many drug users are not in contact with services, overdose reduction depends on behavioural change (e.g. avoiding the mixture of opiates and depressant drugs). Overdose prevention involves personal and societal issues calling for multifaceted intervention. |
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Prevalence, Consequences and Data Management Unit |
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Lisbon |
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English |
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no |
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Call Number |
50-12866 |
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56779 |
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