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Siegal, Harvey A.; Carlson, Robert G.; Falck, Robert; Wang, Jichuan |
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Title |
Injection drug users' needle-cleaning practices |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
American journal of public health : official journal of the American Public Health Association |
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Volume |
84 |
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9; 09/1994 |
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1523-1524 |
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Keywords |
letter to the editor |
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Abstract |
The effectiveness of bleach in inactivating HIV in drug users’ injection equipment is in question. In a letter to the editor published in the American Journal of Public Health, Harvey Siegal et al respond to the report by Shapshak and his colleagues that a minimum of 30 seconds in bleach is needed for sufficient cleaning of the equipment. Through their own observations of 77 intravenous drug users, Siegal et al noted a great disparity in the amount of bleaching time–from 1 to 75 seconds–as well as in the methods of cleaning of the equipment. Despite the fact that the study was conducted in project offices, the results provide some evidence of how drug users really use bleach when cleaning. It is important to clearly state disinfection techniques in prevention messages that target drug users, because a few seconds’ difference can make all the difference between becoming infected with HIV or remaining uninfected. |
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0090-0036 (Print); 1541-0048 (Electronic) |
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50-ae |
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59508 |
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Author |
Albermann, Kurt; Gäumann, Christine; Alessi, Monika; Müller, Brigitte; Gutmann, Renate; Gundelfinger, Ronnie |
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Title |
Das Thema zum Thema machen : Winterthurer Präventions- und Versorgungsprojekt für Kinder psychisch und suchtkranker; Eltern (WIKIP) : ein interdisziplinärer Approach der medizinischen und psychosozialen Versorgungssysteme für Kinder, Jugendliche und Erwachsene (Teil I) |
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2012 |
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Schweizerische Ärztezeitung |
Abbreviated Journal |
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93 |
Issue |
42; 17.10.2012 |
Pages |
1521-1525 |
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Keywords |
addiction; AOD use, abuse, and dependence; family; family counseling; family risk and protective factors; familial alcoholism; psychological development; child; adolescent; prevention through education; prevention directed at groups; social cost of AOD; study; Zurich (canton); Switzerland; Winterthurer Präventions- und Versorgungsprojekt für Kinder psychisch kranker Eltern (body); journal article |
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Im Winterthurer Projekt werden in einem familienfokussierten Ansatz die Belastungen und Bedürfnisse von Familien mit Kindern und Jugendlichen mit einem psychisch erkrankten Elternteil konkret benannt, Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren bestimmt sowie Handlungsmöglichkeiten im interdisziplinären Kontext von Medizin und psychosozialen Angeboten aufgezeigt. |
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German |
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0036-7486 (Print); 1424-4004 (Online) |
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50-12547 |
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59985 |
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Author |
Friedman, Samuel R.; Sterk, Claire; Sufian, Meryl; Des Jarlais, Don C. |
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Title |
Will bleach decontaminate needles during cocaine binges in shooting galleries? |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1989 |
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JAMA : the journal of the American Medical Association |
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262 |
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11; 15.09.1989 |
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1467 |
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Keywords |
letter to the editor |
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0098-7484 |
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50-z |
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59503 |
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Author |
Rhodes, Tim; Hunter, Gillian M.; Stimson, Gerry V.; Donoghoe, Martin C.; Noble, Alison; Parry, John; Chalmers, Colin |
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Title |
Prevalence of markers for hepatitis B virus and HIV-1 among drug injectors in London : injecting careers, positivity and risk behaviour |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1996 |
Publication |
Addiction |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
91 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
1457-1467 |
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Keywords |
health promotion |
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Concerns about the risks of HIV infection among drug injectors have eclipsed concerns about the prevalence and transmission of hepatitis, and in particular hepatitis B virus infection. Findings are reported from surveys undertaken with two separate community-recruited samples of drug injectors in London collected in 1992 (n = 505) and in 1993 (n = 507). Anonymized confirmed testing of saliva snows 51.5% of drug injectors in 1992 and 47.9% in 1993 to be antibody positive to the core antigen of hepatitis B virus (anti-HBc). Approximately half of the drug injectors confirmed as anti-HBc positive were unaware that they had been infected with hepatitis, Anti-HIV-1 prevalence was considerably lower at 7.0% in 1992 and 6.9% in 1993. Multivariate analyses showed anti-HBc positivity to be most likely among older injectors with longer injecting careers who had a history of having shared used needles and syringes. HIV-1 positivity was also associated with a history of having shared injecting equipment as well as with recent sharing (i.e. in the last 6 months). Unlike anti-HBc positivity, there were no associations between HIV-1 positivity and age or length of injecting career. Younger injectors with shorter injecting careers were more likely to report recent sharing of used injecting equipment than older injectors with longer injecting careers. We note the potential for continued transmission of HBV and HIV-1, particularly among younger injectors. We recommend an integrated strategy to maximize the health of drug injectors, of which HIV and HBV prevention is a part. There is a need to widen the availability of HBV vaccinations for HBV negative drug injectors and their sexual partners and for clear guidelines to drug injectors about the relative efficacy of bleach to disinfect injecting equipment of HBV and HIV. |
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0965-2140 |
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Pages 1457-1458 are missing. |
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Call Number |
50-02833 |
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59758 |
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Author |
Frumkin, Howard |
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Title |
Healthy Places : exploring the evidence |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
American journal of public health : official journal of the American Public Health Association |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
93 |
Issue |
9; 09/2003 |
Pages |
1451-1456 |
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Keywords |
public health; public area; psychology |
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Abstract |
“Sense of place” is a widely discussed concept in fields as diverse as geography, environmental psychology, and art, but it has little traction in the field of public health. The health impact of place includes physical, psychological, social, spiritual, and aesthetic outcomes. In this article, the author introduces sense of place as a public health construct. While many recommendations for “good places” are available, few are based on empirical evidence, and thus they are incompatible with current public health practice. Evidencebased recommendations for healthy place making could have important public health implications. Four aspects of the built environment, at different spatial scales – nature contact, buildings, public spaces, and urban form – are identified as offering promising opportunities for public health research, and potential research agendas for each are discussed. |
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0090-0036 (Print); 1541-0048 (Electronic) |
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50-00798 |
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59667 |
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Author |
Volkow, Nora D.; Fowler, Joanna S.; Wang, Gene-Jack |
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Title |
The addicted human brain : insights from imaging studies |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2003 |
Publication |
The Journal of clinical investigation |
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Volume |
111 |
Issue |
10; 05/2003 |
Pages |
1444-1451 |
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Keywords |
addiction; brain; neuroscience (field); neurobiology (field); research |
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Abstract |
Imaging studies have revealed neurochemical and functional changes in the brains of drug-addicted subjects that provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying addiction. Neurochemical studies have shown that large and fast increases in dopamine are associated with the reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse, but also that after chronic drug abuse and during withdrawal, brain dopamine function is markedly decreased and these decreases are associated with dysfunction of prefrontal regions (including orbitofrontal cortex and cingulate gyrus). The changes in brain dopamine function are likely to result in decreased sensitivity to natural reinforcers since dopamine also mediates the reinforcing effects of natural reinforcers and on disruption of frontal cortical functions, such as inhibitory control and salience attribution. Functional imaging studies have shown that during drug intoxication, or during craving, these frontal regions become activated as part of a complex pattern that includes brain circuits involved with reward (nucleus accumbens), motivation (orbitofrontal cortex), memory (amygdala and hippocampus), and cognitive control (prefrontal cortex and cingulate gyrus). Here, we integrate these findings and propose a model that attempts to explain the loss of control and compulsive drug intake that characterize addiction. Specifically, we propose that in drug addiction the value of the drug and drug-related stimuli is enhanced at the expense of other reinforcers. This is a consequence of conditioned learning and of the resetting of reward thresholds as an adaptation to the high levels of stimulation induced by drugs of abuse. In this model, during exposure to the drug or drug-related cues, the memory of the expected reward results in overactivation of the reward and motivation circuits while decreasing the activity in the cognitive control circuit. This contributes to an inability to inhibit the drive to seek and consume the drug and results in compulsive drug intake. This model has implications for therapy, for it suggests a multi-prong approach that targets strategies to decrease the rewarding properties of drugs, to enhance the rewarding properties of alternative reinforcers, to interfere with conditioned-learned associations, and to strengthen cognitive control in the treatment of drug addiction. |
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0021-9738 |
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50-11804 |
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59942 |
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Author |
McElhatton, P. R.; Bateman, D. N.; Evans, C.; Pughe, K. R.; Thomas, S. H. L. |
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Title |
Congenital anomalies after prenatal ecstasy exposure |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1999 |
Publication |
The Lancet |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
354 |
Issue |
9188; 23.10.1999 |
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1441-1442 |
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Keywords |
health promotion; addiction; AOD dependence; chemical addiction; ecstasy |
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Abstract |
Prospective follow-up of 136 babies exposed to ecstasy in utero indicated that the drug may be associated with a significantly increased risk of congenital defects (15·4% [95% CI 8·2—25·4]). Cardiovascular anomalies (26 per 1000 livebirths [3·0—9·0]) and musculoskeletal anomalies (38 per 1000 [8·0—109·0]) were predominant. |
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0140-6736 |
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50-00756 |
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59663 |
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Author |
Stevens-Watkins, Danelle; Rostosky, Sharon |
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Title |
Binge drinking in african american males from adolescence to young adulthood : the protective influence of religiosity, family connectedness, and close friends' substance use |
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Journal Article |
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2010 |
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Substance use and misuse |
Abbreviated Journal |
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Volume |
45 |
Issue |
10 |
Pages |
1435-1451 |
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African American; man; gender; adolescent; young adult; binge drinking; protective factors; spirituality and religion; religiosity; peer; group of intimates or friends; family; type of society and culture; research; study; statistical data |
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We examined the contribution of culturally relevant protective factors (i.e., adolescent religiosity, family connectedness, and perceived close friends’ substance use) to the probability of young adult binge drinking among African American males. Participants (n = 1,599) drawn from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health were high school age adolescents (14-18 years, M = 16) at Wave 1 and young adults (18-26, M = 22) at Wave 3. Adolescent binge drinking was associated with all three protective factors. Perceived close friends’ substance use in adolescence was a protective factor in later binge drinking during young adulthood, and was moderated by age such that the effect was stronger for younger adolescents. Implications for culturally relevant research and prevention are discussed. |
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1532-2491 (electronic); 1082-6084 (paper) |
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50-15045 |
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60069 |
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Author |
Rehm, Jürgen; Gschwend, Patrick; Steffen, Thomas; Gutzwiller, Felix; Dobler-Mikola, Anja; Uchtenhagen, Ambros |
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Title |
Feasibility, safety, and efficacy of injectable heroin prescription for refractory opioid addicts : a follow-up study |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
2001 |
Publication |
The Lancet |
Abbreviated Journal |
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358 |
Issue |
27.10.2001 |
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1417-1420 |
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AOD dependence; opioids in any form; heroin; heroin-assisted treatment; treatment and maintenance; study; statistical data; Switzerland |
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Background : Heroin-assisted substitution treatment for severely opioid-dependent drug users has been available in Switzerland since 1994. Our aim was to ascertain the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of this treatment. Methods : We did a cohort study in 21 community outpatient treatment centres. We assessed 1969 opioid-dependent drug users, who began heroin-assisted substitution treatment between January, 1994, and December, 2000, to ascertain admission and discharge patterns, and patient characteristics. We also followed up a subset of 237 patients who began treatment between Jan 1, 1994, and March 31, 1995, and who stayed with the programme for at least 18 months. We used questionnaires, interviews, and medical examinations done at entry and after 6, 12, and 18 months to assess somatic and mental health, social integration, and treatment outcomes. Findings : More than 70% (1378) of patients remained in treatment for more than a year. Treatment showed positive effects with respect to health and social outcomes. A long stay in treatment was related to a higher chance of starting abstinence-oriented therapy than a short stay. Interpretation : Heroin-assisted substitution treatment might be an effective option for chronically addicted patients for whom other treatments have failed. |
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0140-6736 |
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50-00417 |
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59637 |
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Author |
Gruer, Laurence; Cameron, John; Elliott, Laurence |
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Title |
Building a city wide service for exchanging needles and syringes |
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Journal Article |
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1993 |
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British medical journal |
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306 |
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22.05.1993 |
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1394-1397 |
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harm reduction |
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0959-535x; 0959-8146 |
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50-03130 |
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59806 |
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