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Krul, J., Blankers, M., & Girbes, A. R. J. (2011). Substance-related health problems during rave parties in the Netherlands (1997-2008). PLoS ONE, 6(12; 12/2011), e29620.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to describe a 12-year (1997–2008) observation of substance-related incidents occurring at rave parties in the Netherlands, including length of visits to first-aid stations, substances used, and severity of the incidents. During rave parties, specifically trained medical and paramedical personnel staffed first aid stations. Visitors were diagnosed and treated, and their data were recorded using standardized methods. During the 12-year period with 249 rave parties involving about 3,800,000 visitors, 27,897 people visited a first aid station, of whom 10,100 reported having a substancerelated problem. The mean age of these people was 22.3+/25.4 years; 52.4% of them were male. Most (66.7%) substancerelated problems were associated with ecstasy or alcohol use or both. Among 10,100 substance-related cases, 515 required professional medical care, and 16 of these cases were life threatening. People with a substance-related problem stayed 20 min at the first aid station, which was significantly longer than the 5 min that those without a substance-related health problem stayed. These unique data from the Netherlands identify a variety of acute health problems related to the use of alcohol, amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy, and GHB. Although most problems were minor, people using GHB more often required professional medical care those using the other substances. We recommended adherence to harm and risk reduction policy, and the use of first aid stations with specially trained staff for both minor and serious incidents.
Keywords: AOD use; AOD use pattern; nightlife; gamma-hydroxybutyric acid; ecstasy; alcohol; cannabis; amphetamines; cocaine; risk assessment; harm reduction; study; Netherlands
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Straiker, A., Stella, N., Piomelli, D., Mackie, K., Karten, H. J., & Maguire, G. (1999). Cannabinoid CB1 receptors and ligands in vertebrate retina : localization and function of an endogenous signaling system. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 96(25; 07.12.1999), 14565–14570.
Abstract: CB1, a cannabinoid receptor enriched in neuronal tissue, was found in high concentration in retinas of rhesus monkey, mouse, rat, chick, goldfish, and tiger salamander by using a subtype-specific polyclonal antibody. Immunolabeling was detected in the two synaptic layers of the retina, the inner and outer plexiform layers, of all six species examined. In the outer plexiform layer, CB1 was located in and/or on cone pedicles and rod spherules. Labeling was detected in some amacrine cells of all species and in the ganglion cells and ganglion cell axons of all species except fish. In addition, sparse labeling was found in the inner and/or outer segments of the photoreceptors of monkey, mouse, rat, and chick. Using GC/MS to detect possible endogenous cannabinoids, we found 3 nmol of 2-arachidonylglycerol per g of tissue, but no anandamide was detectable. Cannabinoid receptor agonists induced a dramatic reduction in the amplitude of voltage-gated L-type calcium channel currents in identified retinal bipolar cells. The presence and distribution of the CB1 receptor, the large amounts of 2-arachidonylglycerol found, and the effects of cannabinoids on calcium channel activity in bipolar cells suggest a substantive role for an endogenous cannabinoid signaling system in retinal physiology, and perhaps vision in general.
Keywords: cannabinoids; receptor ligand binding; retina; research
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Bundesversammlung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft. (2001). Änderung vom Bundesgesetz über die Betäubungsmittel und die psychotropen Stoffe (Betäubungsmittelgesetz, BetmG) : Entwurf (Bundesversammlung der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft, Ed.). Bern: Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft.
Keywords: laws and regulations
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Schweizerischer Bundesrat. (2001). Botschaft über die Änderung des Betäubungsmittelgesetzes vom 9. März 2001. Bern: Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft.
Keywords: laws and regulations
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Assemblée fédérale de la Confédération suisse. (2001). Modification de la loi fédérale sur les stupéfiants et les substances psychotropes (Loi sur les stupéfiants, LStup) : projet (Assemblée fédérale de la Confédération suisse, Ed.). Berne: Confédération suisse.
Keywords: laws and regulations
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Conseil fédéral suisse. (2001). Message concernant la révision de la loi sur les stupéfiants du 9. mars 2001. Berne: Confédération suisse.
Keywords: laws and regulations
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Assemblea federale della Confederazione Svizzera. (2001). Modifica della legge federale sugli stupefacenti e sulle sostanze psicotrope (legge sugli stupefacenti, LStup) : disegno (Assemblea federale della Confederazione Svizzera, Ed.). Berna: Confederazione Svizzera.
Keywords: government and politics; Switzerland
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Consiglio federale svizzero. (2001). Messagio concernente la modifica della legge sugli stupefacenti del 9 marzo 2001. Berna: Confederazione Svizzera.
Keywords: laws and regulations
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daeppen, J. - B., & Fontannaz, A. - S. (2008). Un nouveau traitement miracle pour guérir les addictions? Prudence face aux promesses de Prometa. Revue médicale suisse, 4(17.12.2008), 2758–2759.
Keywords: addiction; AOD dependence; Prometa treatment; evaluation; statistical data; Switzerland; United States
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Broers, B., Simon, O., & Dubois, J. - A. (2008). Révision partielle de la Loi sur les stupéfiants : un enjeu majeur pour la profession médicale. Revue médicale suisse, 4(179; 12.11.2008), 2478–2479.
Keywords: government and politics; law; other drug laws; amendment; physician; Switzerland
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