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McElhatton, P. R., Bateman, D. N., Evans, C., Pughe, K. R., & Thomas, S. H. L. (1999). Congenital anomalies after prenatal ecstasy exposure. The Lancet, 354(9188; 23.10.1999), 1441–1442.
Abstract: Prospective follow-up of 136 babies exposed to ecstasy in utero indicated that the drug may be associated with a significantly increased risk of congenital defects (15·4% [95% CI 8·2—25·4]). Cardiovascular anomalies (26 per 1000 livebirths [3·0—9·0]) and musculoskeletal anomalies (38 per 1000 [8·0—109·0]) were predominant.
Keywords: health promotion; addiction; AOD dependence; chemical addiction; ecstasy
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Meyer, R. E. (1996). The disease called addiction : emerging evidence in a 200-year debate. The Lancet, 347, 162–166.
Keywords: addiction; history
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Seivewright, N. A., & Greenwood, J. (1996). What is important in drug misuse treatment? The Lancet, 347(10.02.1996), 373–376.
Keywords: treatment and maintenance; methadone maintenance; harm reduction; HIV infection; detoxification; drug substitution therapy; United Kingdom
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Mattick, R. P., & Hall, W. (1996). Are detoxification programmes effective? The Lancet, 347, 97–100.
Keywords: treatment and maintenance; detoxification; quality
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O'Brien, C. P., & McLellan, T. (1996). Myths about the treatment of addiction. The Lancet, 347, 237–240.
Keywords: treatment and maintenance; addiction
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Nutt, D. J. (1996). Addiction : brain mechanisms and their treatment implications. The Lancet, 347, 31–36.
Keywords: treatment and maintenance; brain function; addiction
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Edlin, B. R., Seal, K. H., Lorvick, J., Kral, A. H., Ciccarone, D. H., Moore, L. D., et al. (2001). Is it justifiable to withhold treatment for hepatitis C from illicit-drug users? The New England journal of medicine, 345(3; 19.07.2001), 211–214.
Keywords: health promotion; viral hepatitis; hepatitis C
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Davis, G. L., & Rodrigue, J. R. (2001). Treatment of chronic hepatitis C in active drug users. The New England journal of medicine, 345(3; 19.07.2001), 215–217.
Keywords: health promotion; viral hepatitis; hepatitis C
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McCarthy, M. (1994). LA law and clean needles. The Lancet, 344(8925; 17.09.1994), 810.
Abstract: Reports that Los Angeles, California Mayor Richard J. Riordan has declared a local state of emergency to the spread of AIDS and HIV infection. State crackdown on the distribution of clean needles to drug users; Riordan’s support for responsible needle-exchange programs.
Keywords: harm reduction
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Kuepper, R., van Os, J., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H. - U., Höfler, M., & Henquet, C. (2011). Continued cannabis use and risk of incidence and persistence of psychotic symptoms : 10 year follow-up cohort study. British medical journal, 342, 8.
Abstract: Objective To determine whether use of cannabis in adolescence increases the risk for psychotic outcomes by affecting the incidence and persistence of subclinical expression of psychosis in the general population (that is, expression of psychosis below the level required for a clinical diagnosis). Design Analysis of data from a prospective population based cohort study in Germany (early developmental stages of psychopathology study). Setting Population based cohort study in Germany. Participants 1923 individuals from the general population, aged 14-24 at baseline. Main outcome measure Incidence and persistence of subthreshold psychotic symptoms after use of cannabis in adolescence. Cannabis use and psychotic symptoms were assessed at three time points (baseline, T2 (3.5 years), T3 (8.4 years)) over a 10 year follow-up period with the Munich version of the composite international diagnostic interview (M-CIDI). Results In individuals who had no reported lifetime psychotic symptoms and no reported lifetime cannabis use at baseline, incident cannabis use over the period from baseline to T2 increased the risk of later incident psychotic symptoms over the period from T2 to T3 (adjusted odds ratio 1.9, 95% confidence interval 1.1 to 3.1; P=0.021). Furthermore, continued use of cannabis increased the risk of persistent psychotic symptoms over the period from T2 to T3 (2.2, 1.2 to 4.2; P=0.016). The incidence rate of psychotic symptoms over the period from baseline to T2 was 31% (152) in exposed individuals versus 20% (284) in non-exposed individuals; over the period from T2 to T3 these rates were 14% (108) and 8% (49), respectively. Conclusion Cannabis use is a risk factor for the development of incident psychotic symptoms. Continued cannabis use might increase the risk for psychotic disorder by impacting on the persistence of symptoms.
Keywords: AOD use, abuse, and dependence; AOD dependence; chemical addiction; cannabis; adolescence; AODR psychosis; risk factors; Germany
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