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Heldmaier, Michael |
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Title |
Phytochemische Charakterisierung öliger Extrakte aus pflanzlichen Drogen : Effizienz und Qualität der Extraktion |
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2007 |
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drug; plant oil; AOD production process; quality |
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Abstract  |
Trotz der breiten Anwendung öliger Extrakte aus pflanzlichen Drogen in Pharmazie und Kosmetik ist das Wissen über die stoffliche Zusammensetzung dieser Ölauszüge und über die Qualität des Extraktionsverfahrens bislang gering. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es somit, die Extraktionseffizienz mit Olivenöl und die Qualität der Ölauszüge im Hinblick auf die stoffliche Zusammensetzung der Ölauszüge im Vergleich zum pflanzlichen Ausgangsmaterial zu durchleuchten. Dafür wurden zunächst instrumental-analytische Methoden (HPLC-DAD, LC-MS, GC-FID, GC-MS, VIS-Photometrie) entwickelt, mit denen dann die Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe in der Droge und in der öligen Matrix der Ölauszüge qualitativ und quantitativ untersucht wurden. Im Focus waren dabei folgende Drogen und Inhaltsstoffgruppen: Arnikablüten (Arnica montana L.): Sesquiterpenlactone, Kamillenblüten (Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert ): Phenolcarbonsäure-Derivate, Flavonoide, Cumarine, Stockrosenblüten (Alcea rosea L. var. nigra): Anthocyane, Ringelblumenblüten (Calendula officinalis L.): Carotinoide, Sterole, Triterpenalkohole, Cayennepfefferfrüchte (Capsicum annuum L. var. minimum (Mill.) Heiser und Capsicum frutescens L.): Capsaicinoide, Berberitzenwurzelrinde (Berberis vulgaris L.): Alkaloide. Die Ergebnisse der Untersuchungen der Ölauszüge, die nach den Vorschriften des Homöopathischen Arzneibuchs (HAB 2006) entweder warm (37°C über 7 Tage – W 10%) oder heiss (65°C über 4 Std. – H 10%) extrahiert wurden, machen deutlich, dass die Lipophilie eines Inhaltsstoffs dessen Übergang aus der Droge in das Olivenöl entscheidend bestimmt. So werden hohe Übergangsraten für die Sesquiterpenlactone von 70 bis 81%, für das ätherische Öl von 80 bis 84% und für die Capsaicinoide von 68 bis 85% bestimmt. Demgegenüber gehen die hydrophilen Flavonoidglykoside, die kationischen Anthocyane und die basischen Alkaloide sowie die Phenolcarbonsäuren und ihre Derivate nicht oder nur in Spuren in das Olivenöl über. Die von den Triterpen-monoalkoholen (22 bis 30%) über die Triterpen-dialkohole (31 bis 49%) zu den Triterpen-trialkoholen (73 bis 85%) ansteigenden Übergangsraten begründen sich durch den in dieser Reihenfolge steigenden Veresterungsgrad mit langkettigen Fettsäuren und damit entsprechend ansteigender Lipophilie. Des Weiteren modifiziert die Lokalisation der Stoffe in der Pflanze die Übergangsrate. So gehen die lipophilen Carotinoide der Chromoplasten nur zu 41 bis 50% und die in den Membranen verankerten Sterole sogar nur zu 3 bis 11% über. Auch die in tieferen Gewebe-schichten liegenden Inhaltsstoffe lassen sich weniger effektiv extrahieren. Beispielsweise gehen die lipophilen Cumarine zu nur 37 bis 61% über, umgekehrt ist die relativ hohe Übergangsrate der methoxylierten Flavonoidaglyka (61 bis 72%) durch deren Lokalisation auf der Oberfläche begründet, während die relativ geringen Übergangsraten der acylierten Flavo-noidglucoside von 23 bis 38% und der hydroxylierten Flavonoidalgyka von 11 bis 27% eine Folge der Summe aus geringer Lipophilie und Lokalisation im Gewebe bzw. in der Zelle sind. Um den Einfluss der Extraktionsbedingungen und Extraktionsmethoden auf die Qualität der Extraktion zu untersuchen, wurden 42 weitere Ölauszüge aus Kamillenblüten hergestellt und diese auf die Effizienz des Übergangs der Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe ins Olivenöl und in Bezug auf die Inhaltsstoffmuster analysiert. Variiert wurden folgende Parameter: Extraktionstemperatur (20°C, 35°C, 50°C, 65°C) Extraktionsdauer (2 h, 4 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 168 h and 336 h) Kontinuierliches Rühren über den gesamten Extraktionszeitraum Vorbehandlung der Droge mit Ethanol (94%) Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass mit höherer Extraktionstemperatur die Effizienz der Extraktion aller Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe gesteigert werden kann und zwar nahezu unabhängig von der Extraktionsdauer. Begrenzender Faktor für die Extraktionstemperatur ist die Haltbarkeit des Olivenöls, das bei 65°C bereits nach zwei Tagen ranzig wird. Kontinuierliches Rühren erhöht zwar für weniger lipophile Stoffgruppen, die nicht zu tief im Gewebe lokalisiert sind, die Übergangsrate, führt jedoch zu einem sehr feinen Abrieb der Droge und damit zu trüben Ölauszügen. Die Vorbehandlung der Droge mit Ethanol steigert die Effizienz der Extraktion aller Stoffgruppen, insbesondere derer, die in tieferen Gewebeschichten lokalisiert sind. Diese Vorbehandlung führt aber auch zu leichten Veränderungen der Stoffmuster, beispielsweise des ätherischen Öls. Überträgt man diese Erkenntnisse auf die Ölauszüge des Homöopathischen Arzneibuchs, so kann festgestellt werden, dass mit den Extraktionsbedingungen in den Herstellungsvorschriften des HAB eine sehr gute Qualität pflanzlicher Ölauszüge erreicht werden kann. Oil extracts of herbal drugs are widely used in pharmacy and cosmetics. However there is little knowledge about the phytochemical composition of the oil extracts and also the knowledge about the quality of the extraction methods. Therefore the aim of this work is to study the efficiency of several extraction procedures with olive oil and to elucidate the quality of these ex-tracts with regard to their phytochemical composition in comparison with the phytochemical patterns of the herbal drugs used for extraction. For this purpose special analytical methods (HPLC-DAD, LC-MS, GC-FID, GC-MS, VIS-photometry) were developed which were used on the one hand to characterise the qualitative and quantitative compositions of the herbal drugs and on the other hand the compositions of the corresponding oil extracts. The following herbal drugs and groups of constituents were studied: Arnica flower (Arnica montana L.): sesquiterpene lactones, Chamomile flower (Chamomilla recutita (L.) Rauschert): essential oil, phenolcarboxyclic acids, flavonoids, coumarins, Rose mallow flower (Alcea rosea L. var. nigra): anthocyanes, Calendula flower (Calendula officinalis L.): carotenoids, sterols, triterpene alcohols, Capsicum (Capsicum annuum L. var. minimum (Mill.) Heiser and Capsicum frutescens L.): capsaicinoids, Barberry root bark (Berberis vulgaris L.): alkaloids. The results of the investigations of oil extracts, which were extracted according to the regulations of the German Homoeopathic Pharmacopoeia (HAB 2006) either warm (37°C over 7 days, W 10%) or hot (65°C over 4 hours, H 10%) reveal that the lipophilic character of the plant constituents mainly determines their transfer into the olive oil. Therefore high transfer rates were found for the sesquiterpene lactones (71 to 81%), for the essential oils (80 to 84%) and for the capsaicinoids (68 to 85%). In contrast the hydrophilic flavonoid glycosides, the kationic anthocyanes and the alkaline alkaloids as well as the phenolcarboxyclic acids and their deriva-tives did not migrate or only in traces into the olive oil. The increasing transfer rates from the triterpene monoalcohols (22 to 30%) over the triterpene dialcohols (31 to 49%) to the triterpene trialcohols (73 to 85%) can be explained by the increasing grade of esterification with long-chain fatty acids in the mentioned order resulting in an increasing lipophily. It was found that the localisation of the constituents in the plant modifies their transfer rate. Consequently the lipophilic carotenoids situated in the chromoplasts migrate into the oil only with percentages of 41 to 50% and the sterols, which are bound within the membranes only, with percentages of 3 to 11%. Constituents in deeper plant tissues are also extracted less efficiently. For example the lipophilic coumarins show transfer rates only of 37 to 61%, whereas the methoxylated flavonoid aglycones showed relatively high transfer rates (61 to 72%) caused by their localisation on the surface. The relatively low transfer rates of the acylated flavonoid glycosides (23 to 38%) and of the flavonoid aglycones (11 to 27%) is a consequence of the sum of their low lipophily and their localisation in the tissue or in the cells. In order to investigate the influence of the extraction parameters and extraction methods on the quality of the extraction procedure, 42 further oil extracts of chamomile flowers were produced and were analysed with regard to the efficiency of the transfer of the plant constituents into the olive oil and with regard to the constituent patterns. The following parameters were varied: extraction temperature (20°C, 35°C, 50°C, 65°C) extraction period (2h, 4h, 12h, 24h, 48h, 168h, 336h) permanent stirring over the extraction period pretreatment of the drug with ethanol (94%) The results make clear that with higher extraction temperatures the extraction efficiency of all plant constituents can be increased independent of the extraction period. The stability of the olive oil is the only limiting factor for the extraction temperature because olive oil becomes rancid at 65°C after two days. Permanent stirring on the one hand increases the transfer rates of constituents with low lipophily and localised not too deep in the tissue, on the other hand it causes an abrasive dust producing dusty oil extracts. The pretreatment of the drug with ethanol increases the extraction efficiency of all the constituents especially of those which are situated in deeper plant tissues. However the pretreatment with ethanol causes changes of the constituent patterns, e.g. that of the essential oils. Transferring these findings on the oil extracts which are produced according to the regulations of the HAB, it can be stated that with these extraction procedures oil extracts of high quality can be obtained. |
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Master's thesis |
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Universität Hamburg |
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Hamburg |
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German |
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50-f |
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55609 |
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Author |
Richter, Frédéric; Jeanrenaud, Claude; Kohler, Dimitri |
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Title |
Les conséquences financières et sociales des jeux d'argent |
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Miscellaneous |
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2012 |
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2 |
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addiction; addictive behavior; gambling; pathological gambling; cost (economic); laws and regulations; Switzerland; press release |
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Abstract |
Trois études récentes menées en Suisse romande nous apprennent que les jeux d’argent coûtent entre 545 et 658 millions à la collectivité chaque année, que les personnes à moindre revenu sont de plus grands joueurs et enfin que les mineurs jouent aussi aux jeux de hasard et d’argent. Ces éléments de discussion complémentaires viennent alimenter le débat sur les jeux d’argent, consécutif à la votation du 11 mars sur le sujet. |
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Programme intercantonal de lutte contre la dépendance au jeu (PILDJ) |
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Yverdon-les-Bains |
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French |
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50-12685 |
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62283 |
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction |
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Title |
Trends in injecting drug use in Europe |
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Report |
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2010 |
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22 |
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intravenous injection; addiction; AOD dependence; chemical addiction; treatment and maintenance; patient; prevalence; risk-taking behavior; AOD effects and consequences; target group; intravenous drug user; drug substitution therapy; harm reduction; needle distribution and exchange; intervention (persuasion to treatment); route of administration by method or body site; history; Europe |
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Trends in injecting drug use in Europe is the title of the latest EMCDDA Selected issue publication. This volume brings together data from a wide variety of sources as it describes Europe’s current drug injecting problem and plots its trends in recent years. Responses to drug injecting and measures to reduce the harm caused by this form of drug use are also reviewed. The report finds that the available data point to a stable or declining trend of injecting in most European countries, with effective treatment and harm-reduction measures now reaching many users. Despite this, there is still a large population of drug injectors in Europe, and there continue to be signs of recent recruitment in some countries. |
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Office for Official Publications of the European Communities |
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Luxembourg |
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English |
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Selected issues |
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1830-7957 |
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978-92-9168-412-0 |
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Summary of study also available: 50-11356 |
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50-11352 |
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51148 |
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Author |
Fedorova, Olga |
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Title |
Transcultural drug work : a handbook for practitioners working with drug users from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds |
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2012 |
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83 |
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migration; drug user; cultural adaptation; cultural integration; AOD use, abuse, and dependence; recommendations or guidelines; international area |
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Trends in demographic development in many countries demonstrate that ethnic migrants in the ensuing years are likely to become one of the more significant target groups that require a specialized approach in dealing with drug and addiction problems. In a more globalised world, migration and cultural diversity are developing in an international context and have a transnational character with far-reaching national implications. This situation poses challenges both for local population and migrants. It is rather difficult for migrants from other cultures to integrate into the new society. Migration becomes an arduous challenge, and not many people can withstand that. In some cases migration aggravates already existing drug and alcohol problems, in others it becomes a trigger to starting drug use. In addition to regular migration, people increasingly move to other countries illegally and become what is termed today “irregular migrants”. In many countries there exists a well-functioning system of social welfare, treatment and rehabilitation for drug users. However, effective system of support to drug users who are ethnic migrants, especially irregular ones, that would take into account their social, psychological and cultural specificities is not in place. But how can we provide services of high quality, if we do not take into account the differences of those who we try to help? Many differences of migrants have sustainable cultural and behavioural patterns: ways of using drugs, attitude towards drug treatment, a choice of treatment modality etc. The diversity of types of migrants, their ethnic origin, various motives for migration, numerous reasons for taking drugs and alcohol – this all serves to emphasize that there is no universal formula in dealing with ethnic groups of drug users. |
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Pompidou Group |
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Strasbourg |
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English |
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Auch auf Deutsch vorhanden: 50-12616 |
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50-12617 |
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54503 |
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Author |
Bachmann, Andreas |
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Title |
Ethik, Suchtpolitik und Public Health : Ethik im Diskurs |
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Conference Article |
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2010 |
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Netzwerktagung 2010 : Leitbild “Herausforderung Sucht” auf dem Prüfstand |
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48 |
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public policy on AOD; public health; ethics; social discrimination; AOD dependent; Switzerland; conference |
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Trägt der Public-Health-Ansatz zu einer weiteren Diskriminierung und Marginalisierung von Abhängigen bei? |
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Arbeitsgemeinschaft für risikoarmen Umgang mit Drogen (ARUD) |
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Zürich |
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German |
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50-11555 |
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61372 |
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Holloway, Kathy; Bennett, Trevor |
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Gender differences in drug misuse and related problem behaviors among arrestees in the UK |
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Journal Article |
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2007 |
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Substance use and misuse |
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42 |
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6; 06.05.2007 |
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899-921 |
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treatment and maintenance; prison; gender differences; AOD use; AOD misuse; AOD dependence; AODR crime; United Kingdom |
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Traditionally, the addiction literature has focused on male drug users and less attention has been given to female users. More recently, research investigating gender differences in drug use and associated problem behaviors has emerged. This article contributes to the growing research base by drawing on data collected from structured interviews with 2,682 male and 453 female arrestees conducted as part of the New English and Welsh Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (1999-2002) program. Clear gender differences in drug use and associated behaviors are identified. Women were found to be more serious drug users and to experience more associated problems than men. The research and policy implications of the research are discussed and the study’s limitations are noted. |
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1532-2491 (electronic); 1082-6084 (paper) |
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50-11806 |
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59943 |
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Author |
Abbott, Tony |
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Title |
Australia reaffirms its commitment to tackling sexually transmissible infections and blood borne viruses |
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Miscellaneous |
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2003 |
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2 |
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government and politics; sexually transmitted disease; viral disease; hepatitis C; HIV infection; Aids; strategy; Australia |
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Tony Abbott has released the Australian Government’s response to major reviews commissioned to assess how Australia has coped with the public health challenges of HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C and sexually transmissible infections over the course of the last four and half years. |
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Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Health and Ageing |
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Woden |
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English |
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Nicht mehr im Internet, 22.03.2016 |
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50-13148 |
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62296 |
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Author |
Kammer, Adrian |
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There's something in the air : smoke-free is becoming the order of the day in Switzerland |
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Journal Article |
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2008 |
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Spectra : prevention and health promotion |
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69; 06/2008 |
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3 |
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health promotion; prevention; AOD use, abuse, and dependence; tobacco in any form; Switzerland |
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Tobacco control. The beginning of May saw the launch of the Federal Office of Public Health’s new tobacco prevention campaign under the banner «Less smoke, better lives». With a touch of humour, the campaign presents the many life-affirming facets of living without cigarettes and, like its predecessor campaign «Bravo», aims to promote the view of a non-smoking society as the norm. |
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Auch auf Deutsch vorhanden; aussi disponible en français |
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50-aaas |
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59574 |
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Author |
Booth, Robert E. |
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Title |
Predictors of Unsafe Needle Practices : Injection Drug Users in Denver |
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Journal Article |
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Year |
1994 |
Publication |
Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes |
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7 |
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504-508 |
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harm reduction |
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To identify factors associated with unsafe needle hygiene, we studied 378 injection drug users (IDUs) in Denver, Colorado. The sample was drawn from neighborhoods with large concentrations of injectors and crack smokers. Respondents were questioned about their needle hygiene practices during the 30-day period prior to the interview. Unsafe needle hygiene, defined as injecting with previously used, nondisinfected needles, was reported by more than a third of those interviewed. Unsafe needle practices were associated with a number of factors, including heroin injection, perceived chance of getting AIDS, and lack of exposure to AIDS interventions in the community. The high percentage reporting unsafe needle practices within a 30-day interval points to the grave risk AIDS continues to pose for drug users. We conclude that the apparent success of exposure to AIDS intervention efforts in changing needle practices shows promise for prevention programs targeting drug injectors. |
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Call Number |
50-02978 |
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59782 |
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Author |
Michel, Beatrice; Frei, Mathias |
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Title |
Tom und Tina |
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Book Whole |
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Year |
2000 |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Keywords |
target group; child; adolescent; addiction; AOD dependence; chemical addiction |
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Abstract |
Tina wohnt nahe beim Hauptbahnhof. Beim Einschlafen hört sie die Züge vorbeirattern. Die Kinder im Quartier treffen sich im grossen Hof hinter dem Haus von Tina, um Verstecken zu spielen, Grimassen zu schneiden oder auf den alten Mauern herumzuklettern. Hier ist immer etwas los, Tina langweilt sich nie. Tina schaut jeden Tag nach Tom, im Hof und auf der Strasse. Tom geht in die zweite Klasse. Er kann fast alles allein. Einkaufen, Beutelsuppe und Spiegeleier kochen, für seine Mutter Espresso zubereiten. Bei Tom zuhause ist alles anders. “Seine Mutter ist ein verrücktes Huhn,” sagt Tinas Mutter. “Nein nein, nicht verrückt, nur ein wenig krank”, meint Tina. Sie will nicht zulassen, dass Tom wegziehen und bei einer Pflegefamilie leben soll.Die Begegnung mit dem Schicksal von Tom und seiner drogenabhängigen Mutter regt Kinder und Erwachsene zum offenen Gespräch über Drogen und die Begleitumstände von Sucht an.“Dieses Buch spiegelt Alltag, weckt Verständnis, liefert Gesprächsgrundlagen.”Heike Germann, Der Evangelische BuchberaterAtlantis-Thema “DrogenKinder” Begleitbroschüre zu “Tom und Tina” für Eltern und Lehrpersonen. Herausgegeben vom Pestalozzianum, Abteilung Gesundheitsförderung und Suchtprävention.Die Begleitbroschüre enthält Hintergrundinformationen über die Situation von Kindern drogenabhängiger Eltern sowie allgemein über Sucht und Drogen. Es werden konkrete Hinweise vermittelt, wie man mit Kinder über das Thema Sucht sprechen kann. |
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Publisher |
Verlag pro Juventute; Atlantis Kinderbücher |
Place of Publication |
Zürich |
Editor |
Alternative, Die; Pestalozzianum Zürich |
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Language |
German |
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Approved |
no |
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Call Number |
16-019 |
Serial |
49324 |
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