Abstract: This study investigated the importance of peer educator qualities among ecstasy users in Australia (n=661) and the Netherlands (n=265). Experience with illicit drug use, an affinity with the ecstasy-using subculture and age emerged as important peer educator characteristics. In the Netherlands, more importance was placed on the peer educator having used illicit drugs and less importance was placed on age, subculture membership, being «cool» and gender than in Australia. The implications for peer-led ecstasy-related education practices are discussed.

Abstract: This study brings together available evidence to provide a comprehensive analysis of cannabis production and markets across the EU. It combines information from EMCDDA routine reporting – data on patterns of prevalence and use, seizures, police reports, drug-law offences, cannabis potency and retail market prices – with literature on cannabis markets to create an in-depth analysis of the issue in a European context.

Abstract: This Selected issue starts off by reviewing the available data on drug use among prison populations in Europe, focusing on injecting drug use and other health risk behaviours. Major health risks for drug-using prisoners, including blood-borne infections and infections that can affect all prisoners equally, such as tuberculosis, are discussed. Also mentioned is the role of prison environments, where overcrowding and unsanitary conditions are not uncommon, and the higher-than-average occurrence of psychiatric problems among prisoners. The first section concludes by describing the increased risk of death among prisoners, both in custody and after release. The second part of the report focuses on responses to the health needs of drug-using prisoners in European countries. The study looks at how the internationally recognised rights of prisoners and the European and international rules that set standards for the care of prisoners apply to those with drug problems. The administration of prison healthcare in European countries is examined, and national policies are reviewed. This is followed by an overview of the available information on drug-related service provision in Europe, from prison entry to prison release, addressing counselling, treatment of drug dependence and the prevention of infectious diseases and drug overdose.

Abstract: This Selected issue gives a broad overview on the extent of, and available responses to, the problems of pregnant drug users and families that are affected by drug use. In the first part of the report, a description of the available data on the extent of drug use during pregnancy and associated risks is followed by a review of responses to drug use among pregnant women across Europe. The second part of the publication focuses on children living in the care of drug users. Here, a review of the risks related to drug use in the family sets the scene for European overviews of responses targeting drug-using parents and responses aimed at the children of drug users. The policy and legal frameworks concerning the two situations are described, both for pregnant drug users and drug-using parents and their children.

Abstract: This Review summarises the literature on the provision of sterile injecting equipment to people who inject drugs and other related issues. The proportion of the Australian population thought to inject drugs is about one percent or approximately 275,000 people. The first case of HIV infection in a drug injector without other risk factors in Australia was detected in 1985. In the following year, a Needle and Syringe Program started in Australia. At that time, hepatitis C infection was already well established among drug injectors with more than half being infected2. Staff at Needle and Syringe Programs provide much more than injecting equipment. They are often the first point of contact with health services for people who inject drugs, facilitating the entry of many drug users into drug treatment. Some Programs also provide primary medical care to this disadvantaged section of Australians whose health is usually very poor. Needle and Syringe Programs have reduced the transmission of HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C. The size of the reduction of HIV transmission due to Needle and Syringe Programs has been calculated to be at least 30 percent. Australia’s Needle and Syringe Programs were estimated to have prevented almost 3,000 cases of HIV infection in 1991 alone, a saving of $266 million. HIV epidemics have occurred recently in some cities in North America where Needle and Syringe Programs existed. Arbitrary restrictions on the number of needles and syringes provided from the Programs are thought to have been a critical weakness in their effectiveness in preventing transmission of blood borne viral infections. Research has shown that Needle and Syringe Programs do not increase injecting drug use or the number of discarded needles and syringes. Even though Needle and Syringe Programs enjoy a high level of support from the public in Australia and abroad, they also attract some criticism. Objections to Needle and Syringe Programs include: concern about specific locations, the inconsistency in providing some free injecting equipment to drug injectors but not to people with diabetes, concern that the Programs are responsible for all discarded injecting equipment in a local area and that the Programs condone drug use. Some members of the public are concerned that they may receive a needlestick injury from a discarded needle and syringe and then become infected with HIV or hepatitis. No cases of HIV, hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection resulting from a needlestick injury due to discarded injection equipment have been identified although researchers have investigated the outcomes of such injuries. There is abundant evidence from Australia and other countries of the public health benefits of Needle and Syringe Programs. The US Secretary for Health and Human Services, Donna Shalala, has announced that: “This nation is fighting two deadly epidemics – AIDS and drug abuse. They are robbing us of far too many of our citizens and weakening our future. A meticulous scientific review has now proven that needle exchange programs can reduce the transmission of HIV and save lives without losing ground in the battle against illegal drugs. It offers communities that decide to pursue needle exchange programs yet another weapon in the fight against AIDS (20 April 1998)” Countries that have implemented these Programs have averted HIV epidemics among injecting drug users, while countries that have not implemented these measures have often experienced uncontrolled epidemics. There is strong evidence that if HIV becomes endemic among injecting drug users, HIV can then spread to their sexual partners and children resulting in high mortality rates and large social and economic costs to the entire population.