various. (1985). Drogenabhängige im Strafvollzug : Sondereinrichtungen? : Referate und Plenumsdiskussion der Fachtagung vom 18./19. Januar 1984 im Gottlieb Duttweiler Institut, Rüschlikon/Zürich (U. Bachmann, P. Burkhard, P. Frey, K. Kroner, & F. Stettler, Eds.). Lausanne: Verlag Schweizerische Fachstelle für Alkoholprobleme.
Keywords: government and politics; Switzerland
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Emmanuelli, J., & Guillot, A. (1999). Contribution à l'évaluation de la politique de réduction des risques : le Système d'Information sur l'Accessibilité au Matériel Officinal d'Injection et de Substitution (SIAMOIS). Bulletin épidémiologique annuel, (2; 04/1999), 174–192.
Keywords: harm reduction; research; treatment and maintenance; drug substitution therapy; addiction; AOD dependence; chemical addiction; heroin
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013). EMCDDA-Europol Joint Report on a new psychoactive substance : 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole. Joint Reports. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Abstract: At the end of September 2012, the EMCDDA and Europol examined the available information on a new psychoactive substance 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole (commonly known by the abbreviation ’5-IT’), through a joint assessment. The two organisations concluded that sufficient information had been accumulated to merit the production of a Joint Report on 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole as stipulated by Article 5.1 of the Council Decision 2005/387/JHA.
Keywords: psychoactive substances; benzodiazepines; designer drug; research chemical; AOD consumption; risk assessment; AOD intoxication; AODR mortality; AODR crime; government and politics; AOD public policy strategy; law enforcement; rave; Europe; European Union
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2012). EMCDDA strategy and work programme 2013-15. Work programmes and strategies. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
Abstract: The 2013-15 strategy and work programme is the third one since the EMCDDA’s recast Regulation in 2006. It is built around three top-level commitments: (a) providing a relevant, timely and responsive analysis of the drug situation; (b) efficiency: deriving maximum value from activities and investments; (c) communication and a customer-orientated approach. The bedrock on which this three-year strategy and work plan rests is the recognition that the achievements the agency has made since its inception have been delivered by maintaining clarity of purpose, technical rigour and a long-term vision.
Keywords: administration and management; government and politics; communication; cooperation; risk assessment; AOD demand; database; AOD supply; monitoring; European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (body); international area; Europe
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2013). Drug policy profiles : Ireland. Drug policy profiles. Lisbon: Publications Office of the European Union.
Abstract: The national drug policy of Ireland comes under the spotlight in the second volume in the EMCDDA series of Drug policy profiles. Examining the evolution of Irish drug policy through four periods of historic development, the report explores: the country’s national strategies; the legal context within which they operate; the public funds spent, or committed, to implement them; and the political bodies and mechanisms set up to coordinate the response to the problem. The profile sets this information in context by outlining the size, wealth and economic situation of the country as a whole, as well as the historical development of the current policy. Also described is the manner in which events in Ireland bear similarities with, and differences from, developments in other European countries.
Keywords: history; AOD public policy strategy; drug offense; law; drug legalization; evaluation; Ireland
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2011). Drug policy profiles : Portugal. Drug policy profiles. Lisbon: Publications Office of the European Union.
Abstract: The EMCDDA Drug policy profiles aim to describe some of the main characteristics of national drug policies in Europe and beyond. The profiles do not attempt to assess these policies, but instead outline their development and main features. The objective is to help readers — from researchers to policymakers — gain a better understanding of the way in which countries control drugs and respond to drug-related security, social and health problems. This first profile describes the national drug policy of Portugal, a policy that has attracted significant attention recently in the media and in policy debates. It considers national strategies and action plans, the legal context within which they operate and the public funds spent, or committed, to resource them. It also describes the political bodies and mechanisms set up to coordinate the response to the multi-faceted problem and the systems of evaluation that may help to improve future policy.
Keywords: history; AOD public policy strategy; drug offense; law; drug legalization; evaluation; Portugal
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European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2007). Cocaine and crack cocaine : a growing public health issue. Selected issues. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
Abstract: In a Selected issue on ‘Cocaine and crack cocaine: a growing public health issue’ the EMCDDA shows that, in some European countries, there has been a marked increase in recent years in the use of cocaine, in treatment demands for cocaine problems and in seizures of the drug. The potential for cocaine use to have a major impact on public health is examined and special attention given to the health consequences of cocaine use, which are often not well recognised in existing reporting systems. Also examined are the challenges to providing effective treatment for cocaine and crack cocaine dependence.
Keywords: government and politics; international area; Europe
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Battistella, G., Fornari, E., Thomas, A., Mall, J. - F., Chtioui, H., Appenzeller, M., et al. (2013). Weed or Wheel! fMRI, behavioural, and toxicological investigations of how cannabis smoking affects skills necessary for driving. Plos One, 8(1; 02.01.2013), 15.
Abstract: Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug, however its effects on cognitive functions underling safe driving remain mostly unexplored. Our goal was to evaluate the impact of cannabis on the driving ability of occasional smokers, by investigating changes in the brain network involved in a tracking task. The subject characteristics, the percentage of D9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in the joint, and the inhaled dose were in accordance with real-life conditions. Thirty-one male volunteers were enrolled in this study that includes clinical and toxicological aspects together with functional magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and measurements of psychomotor skills. The fMRI paradigm was based on a visuo-motor tracking task, alternating active tracking blocks with passive tracking viewing and rest condition. We show that cannabis smoking, even at low D9-Tetrahydrocannabinol blood concentrations, decreases psychomotor skills and alters the activity of the brain networks involved in cognition. The relative decrease of Blood Oxygen Level Dependent response (BOLD) after cannabis smoking in the anterior insula, dorsomedial thalamus, and striatum compared to placebo smoking suggests an alteration of the network involved in saliency detection. In addition, the decrease of BOLD response in the right superior parietal cortex and in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex indicates the involvement of the Control Executive network known to operate once the saliencies are identified. Furthermore, cannabis increases activity in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and ventromedial prefrontal cortices, suggesting an increase in self-oriented mental activity. Subjects are more attracted by intrapersonal stimuli (“self”) and fail to attend to task performance, leading to an insufficient allocation of task-orientedre sources and to sub-optimal performance. These effects correlate with the subjective feeling of confusion rather than with the blood level of D9-Tetrahydrocannabinol. These findings bolster the zero-tolerance policy adopted in several countries that prohibits the presence of any amount of drugs in blood while driving.
Keywords: chemical addiction; illicit drug; marijuana in any form; cannabis; tetrahydrocannabinol; AOD intoxication; AOD effects and consequences; AOD use and driving; research; brain; neuroscience (field); laws and regulations
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Krul, J., Blankers, M., & Girbes, A. R. J. (2011). Substance-related health problems during rave parties in the Netherlands (1997-2008). PLoS ONE, 6(12; 12/2011), e29620.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to describe a 12-year (1997–2008) observation of substance-related incidents occurring at rave parties in the Netherlands, including length of visits to first-aid stations, substances used, and severity of the incidents. During rave parties, specifically trained medical and paramedical personnel staffed first aid stations. Visitors were diagnosed and treated, and their data were recorded using standardized methods. During the 12-year period with 249 rave parties involving about 3,800,000 visitors, 27,897 people visited a first aid station, of whom 10,100 reported having a substancerelated problem. The mean age of these people was 22.3+/25.4 years; 52.4% of them were male. Most (66.7%) substancerelated problems were associated with ecstasy or alcohol use or both. Among 10,100 substance-related cases, 515 required professional medical care, and 16 of these cases were life threatening. People with a substance-related problem stayed 20 min at the first aid station, which was significantly longer than the 5 min that those without a substance-related health problem stayed. These unique data from the Netherlands identify a variety of acute health problems related to the use of alcohol, amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy, and GHB. Although most problems were minor, people using GHB more often required professional medical care those using the other substances. We recommended adherence to harm and risk reduction policy, and the use of first aid stations with specially trained staff for both minor and serious incidents.
Keywords: AOD use; AOD use pattern; nightlife; gamma-hydroxybutyric acid; ecstasy; alcohol; cannabis; amphetamines; cocaine; risk assessment; harm reduction; study; Netherlands
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Sturm, S. (2012). Selbstbestimmt leben – mit und ohne Drogen : Ein Konzept zur Drogenerziehung in Schulen der Sekundarstufe I = Living self-determined – with and without drugs : a concept of drug education designed for application in schools, grades 7 to 10. Akzeptanzorientierte Drogenarbeit = Acceptance-oriented drug work, 9(27.10.2012), 39–64.
Abstract: Angebote zur Suchtprävention gehören heute zur Schule wie individuelle Förderung und Schülerorientierung. Das Land NRW bringt diesbezügliche Erlasse heraus und wissenschaftlich begleitete Evaluationen bescheinigen den Erfolg der präventiven Maßnahmen. Dennoch, oder gerade deswegen, steigt die Zahl der Erstkonsumenten weiter an. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt das Konzept zur Drogenerziehung in Schulen der Sekundarstufe I eine Neuerung unter den schulischen Präventionskonzepten dar. Dabei werden Erkenntnisse der Forschung zur akzeptanzorientierten Drogenhilfe und der Allgemeindidaktik sowie Erfahrungen der Autorin als Mitarbeiterin der Drogenhilfe und Lehrerin miteinander verknüpft. Ziel des Konzeptes ist keine unrealistische Abstinenz, sondern ein selbstkontrollierter und gesundheitserhaltender Umgang mit Drogen.
Keywords: addiction care; school-based prevention; evaluation; epidemiology; AOD abstinence; public policy on AOD; harm reduction; self-control; survey; international area; Germany; questionnaire
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