| Records |
| Author |
Graham, Lesley; Parkes, Tessa; McAuley, Andrew; Doi, Lawrence |
| Title |
alcohol problems in the criminal justice system : an opportunity for intervention |
Type |
Report |
| Year |
2012 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
vii, 18 |
| Keywords |
AODR crime; AODR violence; chemical addiction; alcohol abuse; screening and diagnostic method for AOD use; prison-based health service; treatment and maintenance; AODR interpersonal and societal problems; family; social and economic cost of AOD; health care costs |
| Abstract |
alcohol and crime, especially violent crime, are linked. Many prisoners are incarcerated because of alcoholrelated crime. alcohol is not permitted in prisons except for a very few exceptions, and illicit use of alcohol in prison is not a major problem. Imprisonment does, however, give an opportunity to tackle alcohol problems in prisoners, with the potential for positive effects on their families and friends and a reduction in the risk of re-offending, the costs to society and health inequalities. |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
World Health Organization (WHO), Regional Office for Europe |
Place of Publication |
Copenhagen |
Editor |
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Language  |
English |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
50-12881 |
Serial |
56589 |
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| Author |
Kensey, Julia; Stengel, Camille; Nougier, Marie; Birgin, Ruth |
| Title |
Drug policy and women : addressing the negative consequences of harmful drug control |
Type |
Report |
| Year |
2012 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
21 |
| Keywords |
public policy on AOD; law enforcement; violence; prison; social support; illicit drug industry; AOD user; drug dealing; gender; woman; international area |
| Abstract |
A number of reports have documented the negative consequences of current prohibitionist drug control policies on health, human rights and development, and these are the subject of growing international attention. The past thirty years has also seen a growing number of studies on women’s participation in all levels of the drug trade. However, limited research currently exists on the particular impact of drug control on women. This briefing paper focuses on this gap. This briefing aims to highlight the effects of drug policy on women as producers, suppliers and consumers of drugs in order to inform and guide policy makers on practices that should be avoided, as well as highlight those policies which effectively incorporate and address women’s needs. This briefing also features ’snapshots’ from women and service providers working with women that are affected by drug policies. These snapshots explore the complex consequences that drug policies have on both individuals and services. Such snapshots also highlight examples of interventions that seek to address the negative consequences of drug control and provide positive support to women. |
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| Publisher |
Transnational Institute (TNI), International Drug Policy Consortium (IDPC) |
Place of Publication |
London |
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English |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
50-12910 |
Serial |
56593 |
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| Author |
Stockwell, Tim; Thomas, Gerald |
| Title |
Is alcohol too cheap in the UK ? : The case for setting a minimum unit price for alcohol : an Institute of alcohol Studies report |
Type |
Report |
| Year |
2013 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
22 |
| Keywords |
public policy on alcohol; alcoholic beverage distribution laws; cost (economic); price elasticity of demand; AOD price; health promotion; epidemiology; alcohol abuse; AOD effects and AODR problems; AODR mortality; statistical data; international area; United Kingdom; Canada |
| Abstract |
This paper offers a perspective on the research evidence for minimum pricing for alcohol as a public health measure from a country where this policy idea originated. It looks at the current data on the negative impacts from heavy drinking in the UK, framing the need for an effective policy response, and gives an overview of the evidence to support minimum unit pricing (MUP) as a means of addressing the issue. In presenting the evidence to support MUP, this paper addresses some common criticisms of the policy, including those that have originated from alcohol industry sources. It concludes that policymakers can be confident that substantial total net health and social benefits will follow if MUP is introduced in the UK. |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
Institute of alcohol Studies (IAS) |
Place of Publication |
St Ives |
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| Language |
English |
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| Notes |
IAS-Website down |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
50-13010 |
Serial |
56613 |
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| Author |
various |
| Title |
The challenge of new psychoactive substances : a report from the global SMART programme |
Type |
Report |
| Year |
2013 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
vi, 108 |
| Keywords |
AOD use, abuse, and dependence; illicit drug; psychoactive substances; research chemical; designer drug; cannabinoids; ketamine; piperazine; phenethylamine; khat in any form; public policy on AOD; legal regulation; drug laws; law enforcement; drug market; drug trafficking; cooperation; epidemiology; statistical data; international area; fact sheet |
| Abstract |
UNODC launched the Global Synthetics Monitoring: Analyses, Reporting and Trends (SMART) Programme in September 2008. The Programme seeks to enhance the capacity of Member States and authorities in priority regions, to generate, manage, analyse and report synthetic drug information, and to apply this scientific evidence-based knowledge to design the policies and programmes. The Global SMART Programme is being implemented in a gradual phased manner, with East Asia being the first focus priority region. Operations in Latin America started in 2011. This report is the first global situation assessment on new psychoactive substances put forward under the Global SMART Programme and pursuant to Commission on Narcotic Drugs Resolution 55/1 on “Promoting international cooperation in responding to the challenges posed by new psychoactive substances”, which requested the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime to provide an update to its 2011 report entitled “Synthetic cannabinoids in herbal products”, addressing a wider range of new psychoactive substances, in addition to synthetic cannabinoids, and to take into consideration the creation of a compilation of new psychoactive substances encountered by Member States, to serve as an early warning advisory. It constitutes the first step in providing consolidated up to-date analysis, based primarily on the information shared by Member States and the International ollaborative Exercise network of drug analysis laboratories. It is hoped that the information on new psychoactive substances presented in this report will make a practical contribution to addressing the significant threat posed by the manufacture, trafficking and use of these substances throughout the world, and place policymakers in a better position to evaluate the drug situation, and to make informed decisions on intervention and prevention strategies. This report provides an overview of the situation throughout the world. It outlines the emergence of different groups of new psychoactive substances in the regions and highlights several key issues associated with these substances, including reported adverse effects associated with their use, the challenges for the identification of these substances and their subsequent control through legislation. While the information presented points towards increasing efforts by the countries to address the NPS problem, it also highlights the need for continued and joint efforts, both at the national as well as regional levels. It is hoped that this report will contribute to a better understanding of the NPS problem and in developing effective strategies to address it. |
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| Publisher |
United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) |
Place of Publication |
Vienna |
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English |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
50-13033 |
Serial |
56616 |
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| Author |
Winpenny, Eleanor; Sunil, Patil; Elliot, Marc; Villalba van Dijk, Lidia; Hinrichs, Saba; Marteau, Theresa; Nolte, Ellen |
| Title |
Assessment of young people's exposure to alcohol marketing in audiovisual and online media |
Type |
Report |
| Year |
2012 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
xix, 158 |
| Keywords |
assessment; advertisement; exposure to AOD ad; television; internet; licit drug; alcohol; adolescent; statistical data; international area; Europe; European Union |
| Abstract |
The overall aim of the work presented in this report was to use novel approaches to measure alcohol advertisement exposure among young people in Europe through audiovisual and online media. |
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Thesis |
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| Publisher |
RAND Europe; European Commission |
Place of Publication |
London; Brussels |
Editor |
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English |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
50-13045 |
Serial |
56620 |
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| Author |
Annan, Kofi; Arbour, Louise; Bém, Pavel; Branson, Richard; Cardoso, Fernando Henrique; Cattaui, Maria; Dreifuss, Ruth; Fuentes, Carlos; Gaviria, César; Jahangir, Asma; Kazatchkine, Michel; Kwasniewski, Aleksander; Lagos, Ricardo; Papandreou, George; Sampaio, Jorge; Shultz, George P.; Solana, Javier; Stoltenberg, Thorvald; Vargas Llosa, Mario; Volcker, Paul; Whitehead, John; Zedillo, Ernesto |
| Title |
The negative impact of the war on drugs on public health : the hidden hepatitis C epidemic |
Type |
Report |
| Year |
2013 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
19 |
| Keywords |
government and politics; laws and regulations; law enforcement; prison; war; public health; communicable disease; hepatitis C; HIV infection; epidemiology; intravenous drug user; AOD consumption; AODR mortality; harm reduction; needle distribution and exchange; prevention; stigma; criminalization; social and economic cost of AOD; political activism; recommendations or guidelines; international area |
| Abstract |
Hepatitis C is a highly prevalent chronic viral infection which poses major public health, economic and social crises, particularly in low and middle income countries. The global hepatitis C epidemic has been described by the World Health Organization as a ‘viral time bomb’, yet continues to receive little attention. Access to preventative services is far too low, while diagnosis and treatment are prohibitively expensive and remain inaccessible for most people in need. Public awareness and political will with regard to hepatitis C are also too low, and national hepatitis surveillance is often non-existent. The hepatitis C virus is highly infectious and is easily transmitted through blood-to-blood contact. It therefore disproportionately impacts upon people who inject drugs: of the 16 million people who inject drugs around the world, an estimated 10 million are living with hepatitis C. In some of the countries with the harshest drug policies, the majority of people who inject drugs are living with hepatitis C – more than 90 percent in places such as Thailand and parts of the Russian Federation. The hepatitis C virus causes debilitating and fatal disease in around a quarter of those who are chronically infected, and is an increasing cause of premature death among people who inject drugs. Globally, most HIV-infected people who inject drugs are also living with a hepatitis C infection. Harm reduction services – such as the provision of sterile needles and syringes and opioid substitution therapy – can effectively prevent hepatitis C transmission among people who inject drugs, provided they are accessible and delivered at the required scale. Instead of investing in effective prevention and treatment programmes to achieve the required coverage, governments continue to waste billions of dollars each year on arresting and punishing drug users – a gross misallocation of limited resources that could be more efficiently used for public health and preventive approaches. At the same time, repressive drug policies have fuelled the stigmatisation, discrimination and mass incarceration of people who use drugs. As a result, there are very few countries that have reported significant declines in new infections of hepatitis C among this population. This failure of governments to prevent and control hepatitis disease has great significance for future costs to health and welfare budgets in many countries. In 2012 the Global Commission on Drug Policy released a report that outlined how the ‘war on drugs’ is driving the HIV epidemic among people who use drugs. The present report focuses on hepatitis C as it represents another massive and deadly epidemic for this population. It provides a brief overview of the hepatitis C virus, before exploring how the ‘war on drugs’ and repressive drug policies are failing to drive transmission down. The silence about the harms of repressive drug policies has been broken – they are ineffective, violate basic human rights, generate violence, and expose individuals and communities to unnecessary risks. Hepatitis C is one of these harms – yet it is both preventable and curable when public health is the focus of the drug response. Now is the time to reform. |
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| Publisher |
Global Commission on Drug Policy (GCDP) |
Place of Publication |
Rio de Janeiro |
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English |
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| Notes |
Executive Summary auch auf Deutsch vorhanden: 50-13076; Synthèse aussi disponible en français: 50-13077 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
50-13078 |
Serial |
56624 |
| Permanent link to this record |
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| Author |
Kwasniewski, Aleksander; Jahangir, Asma; Fuentes, Carlos; Gaviria, César; Zedillo, Ernesto; Cardoso, Fernando Henrique; Papandreou, George; Shultz, George P.; Solana, Javier; Whitehead, John; Arbour, Louise; Cattaui, Maria; Vargas Llosa, Mario; Caspers-Merk, Marion; Kazatchkine, Michel; Volcker, Paul; Bém, Pavel; Lagos, Ricardo; Branson, Richard; Dreifuss, Ruth; Stoltenberg, Thorvald |
| Title |
The war on drugs and HIV/AIDS : how the criminalization of drug use fuels the global pandemic |
Type |
Report |
| Year |
2012 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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| Volume |
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Issue |
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Pages |
20 |
| Keywords |
government and politics; laws and regulations; law enforcement; prison; war; public health; communicable disease; HIV infection; Aids; epidemiology; intravenous drug user; AOD consumption; illicit drug; heroin; AODR mortality; harm reduction; needle distribution and exchange; prevention; criminalization; social and economic cost of AOD; AODR violence; drug market; political activism; recommendations or guidelines; international area |
| Abstract |
The global war on drugs is driving the HIV/AIDS pandemic among people who use drugs and their sexual partners. Throughout the world, research has consistently shown that repressive drug law enforcement practices force drug users away from public health services and into hidden environments where HIV risk becomes markedly elevated. Mass incarceration of non-violent drug offenders also plays a major role in increasing HIV risk. This is a critical public health issue in many countries, including the United States, where as many as 25 percent of Americans infected with HIV may pass through correctional facilities annually, and where disproportionate incarceration rates are among the key reasons for markedly higher HIV rates among African Americans. Aggressive law enforcement practices targeting drug users have also been proven to create barriers to HIV treatment. Despite the evidence that treatment of HIV infection dramatically reduces the risk of HIV transmission by infected individuals, the public health implications of HIV treatment disruptions resulting from drug law enforcement tactics have not been appropriately recognized as a major impediment to efforts to control the global HIV/AIDS pandemic. The war on drugs has also led to a policy distortion whereby evidence-based addiction treatment and public health measures have been downplayed or ignored. While this is a common problem internationally, a number of specific countries, including the US, Russia and Thailand, ignore scientific evidence and World Health Organization recommendations and resist the implementation of evidence-based HIV prevention programs – with devastating consequences. In Russia, for example, approximately one in one hundred adults is now infected with HIV. In contrast, countries that have adopted evidence-based addiction treatment and public health measures have seen their HIV epidemics among people who use drugs – as well as rates of injecting drug use – dramatically decline. Clear consensus guidelines exist for achieving this success, but HIV prevention tools have been under-utilized while harmful drug war policies have been slow to change. This may be a result of the mistaken assumption that drug seizures, arrests, criminal convictions and other commonly reported indices of drug law enforcement “success” have been effective overall in reducing illegal drug availability. However, data from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime demonstrate that the worldwide supply of illicit opiates, such as heroin, has increased by more than 380 percent in recent decades, from 1000 metric tons in 1980 to more than 4800 metric tons in 2010. This increase coincided with a 79 percent decrease in the price of heroin in Europe between 1990 and 2009. Similar evidence of the drug war’s failure to control drug supply is apparent when US drug surveillance data are scrutinized. For instance, despite a greater than 600 percent increase in the US federal anti-drug budget since the early 1980s, the price of heroin in the US has decreased by approximately 80 percent during this period, and heroin purity has increased by more than 900 percent. A similar pattern of falling drug prices and increasing drug potency is seen in US drug surveillance data for other commonly used drugs, including cocaine and cannabis. As was the case with the US prohibition of alcohol in the 1920s, the global prohibition of drugs now fuels drug market violence around the world. For instance, it is estimated that more than 50,000 individuals have been killed since a 2006 military escalation against drug cartels by Mexican government forces. While supporters of aggressive drug law enforcement strategies might assume that this degree of bloodshed would disrupt the drug market’s ability to produce and distribute illegal drugs, recent estimates suggest that Mexican heroin production has increased by more than 340 percent since 2004. With the HIV epidemic growing in regions and countries where it is largely driven by injection drug use, and with recent evidence that infections related to injection drug use are now increasing in other regions, including sub-Saharan Africa, the time for leadership is now. Unfortunately, national and United Nations public health agencies have been sidelined. While the war on drugs has been fueling the HIV epidemic in many regions, other law enforcement bodies and UN agencies have been actively pursuing an aggressive drug law enforcement agenda at the expense of public health. Any sober assessment of the impacts of the war on drugs would conclude that many national and international organizations tasked with reducing the drug problem have actually contributed to a worsening of community health and safety. This must change. |
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| Publisher |
Global Commission on Drug Policy (GCDP) |
Place of Publication |
Rio de Janeiro |
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English |
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| Notes |
Auch auf Deutsch vorhanden: 50-13079; aussi disponible en français: 50-12673 |
Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
50-13081 |
Serial |
56626 |
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| Author |
Burris, Scott; Strathdee, Steffanie A.; Vernick, Jon S. |
| Title |
Syringe access law in the United States : a state of the art assessment of law and policy |
Type |
Report |
| Year |
2002 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Issue |
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Pages |
94 |
| Keywords |
public policy; harm reduction; needle distribution and exchange; laws and regulations; assessment; United States |
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Center for Law and the Public's Health at Johns Hopkins and Georgetown Universities, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health |
Place of Publication |
Baltimore |
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English |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
50-13301 |
Serial |
56641 |
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| Author |
Cottier, Bertil; Sychold, Martin |
| Title |
Use of narcotic drugs in public injection rooms under public international law |
Type |
Report |
| Year |
2000 |
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Issue |
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Pages |
6 |
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harm reduction; AOD use; injection room; public; laws and regulations; international area |
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| Publisher |
Swiss Institute of Comparative Law |
Place of Publication |
Lausanne |
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English |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
50-13342 |
Serial |
56649 |
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| Author |
Dowsett, G. W.; Turney, L.; Woolcock, G.; Rance, A.; Thomson, N. |
| Title |
Hepatitis C prevention education for injecting drug users in Australia : a research report |
Type |
Report |
| Year |
1999 |
Publication |
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Abbreviated Journal |
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Issue |
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Pages |
149 |
| Keywords |
prevention through education; health promotion; intravenous drug user; survey of research; prevention strategy; prevention program; prison-based prevention; private-agency-sponsored prevention; government-sponsored prevention; viral disease; hepatitis C; Australia |
| Abstract |
This research project was undertaken in the second half of 1998 with a view to examining the character and extent of hepatitis C prevention education being undertaken in Australia particularly among injecting drug users (hereafter, ‘HCV/IDU prevention education’). The study consisted of four components: • an Australian and international literature review; • a series of initial consultations with interested agencies in each State and Territory; • a national activity survey of agencies undertaking HCV/IDU prevention education; • a series of key stakeholder interviews. In addition, an action research project undertaken in collaboration with educators in three agencies was conducted over a three-month period. The research revealed that there is a large amount of HCV/IDU prevention education going on in Australia, mainly geared to offering injecting drug users (hereafter, ‘users’) information about the hepatitis C virus (HCV), its major routes of transmission and how to prevent that transmission. However, it is also clear that injecting drug users face a range of related health issues that require an educational response broader than hepatitis C prevention alone, and that improving HCV/IDU prevention education across the sector will best be achieved in the context of broader health education programs for users. Many agencies are already delivering educational programs beyond a focus on HCV transmission and other services beyond prevention education. These efforts are important and need to be encouraged by new initiatives in developing programs and by providing better training programs for educators in the sector. The provision of information on hepatitis C occurs in a diverse range of agencies in the sector from large public health services and correctional services departments to small non-governmental organisations, some of which are focused on hepatitis C and others which offer a range of services such as needle and syringe provision programs or work in related fields such as HIV/AIDS organisations. It is clear that the sector is not as coordinated and does not possess a sense of identity as a sector in the way that gay men’s agencies in Australia, for example, have developed a clear sense of the scope of their HIV/AIDS work and of the other players in that sector. This diversity of agencies will require a multifaceted approach in any further policy and programmatic initiatives developed to enhance the sector’s efforts at HCV/IDU prevention education. The capacity of these agencies to enhance their current programs will require an examination of their basic infrastructure needs. There is a great deal of willingness on the part of educators to improve their educational programs, but there are currently significant resource and infrastructure constraints on their capacity to effect change. The educators are developing a wide range of educational styles and activities in an effort to meet the growing needs of users and they utilise an impressive range of evaluation methods to assess their effectiveness. However, there are difficulties in matching evaluation methods appropriately to educational activities and the overarching hepatitis C education curriculum is in need of additional systemisation and development. This report recommends a number of initiatives designed to improve the curriculum framework of hepatitis C education and to strengthen the workforce of educators in the sector to provide even better HCV/IDU prevention education. The major mechanism to achieve this is the institution of a HCV Education Curriculum Development Unit for a three-year period. Its major activities and focus are detailed below. Finally, a number of small research needs have been identified that will enhance the sector’s awareness of its target populations and strategic approaches. These utilise an action research approach in the main and seek to encourage the sector to undertake research and become involved in research that focuses more on its educational needs. In all, there is good educational practice occurring across Australia in HCV/IDU prevention education. This provides a substantial basis for Australia’s efforts at hepatitis C prevention among users through enhanced health education. There is room for improvement but much to work with in order to achieve this. |
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Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health & Society; La Trobe University |
Place of Publication |
Melbourne |
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English |
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Approved |
no |
| Call Number |
50-13381 |
Serial |
56651 |
| Permanent link to this record |
