Belenko, S., Patapis, N., & French, M. T. (2005). Economic benefits of drug treatment : a critical review of the evidence for policy makers. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, Treatment Research Institute.
Keywords: treatment and maintenance
|
Leonard, L., Forrester, L., Navarro, C., Hansen, J., & Doucet, C. (1999). The effectiveness of needle exchange programs in modifying HIV-related outcomes : a systematic review of the evidence 1997-1999 : Infectious disease, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) including HIV/AIDS. Ottawa: University of Ottawa, Department of Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Community Health Research Unit.
Abstract: Objective To examine the effectiveness of needle exchange programs (NEPs) in modifying HIV-related outcomes in injection drug users (IDUs). Methods On-line computer searches of six electronic databases, hand searches of core journals and relevant studies, combined with key informant suggestions at the federal and front line level for potentially relevant studies, and review of local and community publications, resulted in the retrieval of 84 studies from 1997 to 1999 related to the effectiveness of needle exchange programs. The HIV-related outcomes of interest examined were behavioural (modifications in HIV-risk-related injection practices) and end-point physical health status outcomes (changes in rates of HIV, hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) seroprevalence or incidence) at either the population (most frequently, city; less frequently, country) or individual level. Results Relevance and quality assessment reviews resulted in the inclusion in this review of 21 relevant but largely methodologically weak primary studies. From the evidence of these primary studies, NEPs appear to continue to be effective in modifying most HIV risk-related injection practices although engagement in sharing drug preparation equipment continues. The earlier protective effect of NEP attendance against HIV, HBV and HCV seroconversion has not been consistently sustained. However, NEPs appear to be effective in attracting a group of IDUs experiencing higher HIV risk conditions and who are thereby at increased risk for HIV infection. Conclusions NEPs appear well positioned, as an accessible service, to continue to offer the knowledge and the means to modify engagement in HIV-risk-related injection practices. Enhanced programming is needed to address the documented continued sharing of injection preparation equipment, to modify engagement in a potentially effective, yet largely unrecognized, method of HIV transmission. The potential role of NEPs to expand and diversify as an acceptable comprehensive health resource for a marginalized group of people for whom mainstream health care has not always been easily accessible must be realized.
Keywords: harm reduction; needle distribution and exchange; prevention; HIV infection; impact of policy or law; Canada
|
Rutter, S., Dolan, K., Wodak, A., & Heilpern, H. (2001). Prison-based syringe exchange programs : a review of international research and program development. Sydney: University of New South Wales, National Drug and alcohol Research Centre.
Abstract: The Government of the Australian Capital Territory commissioned this review. Few papers have been published reporting evaluation of Prison Syringe Exchange Programs. Only some of this material has been published in English or has been previously translated into English. This review has been based on a comprehensive search of electronic databases, contact with experts in this field to identify any missed publications and the existing published literature and material which was translated specially for this review. Some of this review is based on the ‘grey literature’ of reports and other official documents. The first prison syringe exchange program in the world was established in Switzerland in 1992. A total of 19 prison syringe exchange programs were operating as of December 2000 (7 in Switzerland, 7 in Germany and 5 in Spain). A further three countries (Italy, Portugal and Greece) were also seriously considering the introduction of prison syringe exchange programs. Prison regulations have been modified to allow these facilities to operate under certain conditions. Most programs are in small prisons with fewer than 200 inmates. Programs operate in both male and female prisons. In some prisons, injecting equipment is provided by health professionals while in other prisons, automatic vending machines exchange sterile injecting equipment for used needles and syringes. Evaluation of pilot prison syringe exchange programs in Switzerland, Germany and Spain has been favourable in all cases. Drug use patterns reported at interview were stable or decreased over time (six prisons). Reported syringe sharing declined dramatically and was virtually non-existent at the conclusion of most pilot studies. No cases of inmates seroconverting for HIV, hepatitis B or hepatitis C have been reported in any prison with a prison syringe exchange program. No serious unintended negative consequences have been reported. There have been no reported instances of initiation of injecting. The use of needles or syringes as weapons has not been reported. One inmate (in Germany) is reported to have been injured by a discarded used needle. The number of needles and syringes distributed correlated with increased quantities of drugs detected in prisons and also when inmates receive payment. Staff attitudes were generally positive but response rates to these surveys varied. Attempts were made in all prisons to involve staff in planning. Staff from prisons where programs had been successfully established were involved in planning new programs in different prisons. In each country, negative attitudes of prisons staff to these programs reflected similar attitudes to harm reduction programs in the community. The rationale for establishing syringe exchange programs in prisons is even stronger than in communities. This rationale is accepted by an impressive number of prestigious bodies. Because of the rapid turnover of inmate populations, spread of blood borne viral infections among prisoners cannot be considered to remain for long within the confines of correctional facilities. There is increasing evidence that experience of incarceration is a strong predictor of HIV and hepatitis C infection. Overall, this review confirms that prison syringe exchange programs are feasible. Based on the data available and extrapolating from the vast literature on community-based programs, prison syringe exchange programs appear to be effective in reducing blood borne viral infections. At this stage, there is no evidence to suggest that these programs have serious unintended negative consequences.
Keywords: harm reduction; needle distribution and exchange; prison; research; knowledge, attitudes, and practices; HIV infection; viral hepatitis; hepatitis B; hepatitis C; prison guard; international area; Switzerland; Germany; Spain; Italy; Portugal; Greece
|
Dore, G. (2009). HCV reinfection among injecting drug users. In 1st International Symposium on Hepatitis care in substance users (40). Zurich: University of New South Wales, National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Viral Hepatitis Clinical Research Program.
Keywords: hepatitis C; addiction; AOD dependence; chemical addiction
|
Grebely, J., Raffa, J. D., Knight, E., Storms, M., Tossonian, H. K., Duncan, F., et al. (2009). Factors influencing willingness for and uptake of treatment for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in illicit drug users in urban care settings in British Columbia, Canada : the HI-Lo Study. In 1st International Symposium on Hepatitis care in substance users (18). Zurich: University of New South Wales (UNSW), National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research; University of Waterloo, Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science; University of British Columbia, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therape.
Keywords: hepatitis C; drug user; illicit drug; medical treatment method; health care program or facility; Canada; British Columbia
|
Grebely, J., Matthews, G. V., Petoumenos, K., Pham, S. T., Marks, P., Rawlinson, W., et al. (2009). Hepatitis C virus superinfection and reinfection in injection drug users. In 1st International Symposium on Hepatitis care in substance users (22). Zurich: University of New South Wales (UNSW), National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research; University of New South Wales (UNSW), School of Medical Sciences; Prince of Wales Hospital, SEALS Microbiology, Virology Division; University of Sydney, Centr.
Keywords: hepatitis C; infection; intravenous drug user; Australia
|
Dore, G. J., Hellard, M., Matthews, G., Grebely, J., Haber, P. S., Petoumenos, K., et al. (2009). Treatment of recent hepatitis C virus infection in a predominantly injection drug user cohort : the ATAHC study. In 1st International Symposium on Hepatitis care in substance users (24). Zurich: University of New South Wales (UNSW), National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research; St Vincent's Hospital, HIV/Immunology/Infectious Diseases Clinical Services Unit; Burnet Institute; The Alfred Hospital, Infectious Diseases Unit; Royal Pri.
Keywords: hepatitis C; intravenous drug user; medical treatment method; Australia
|
Dolan, K. (1994). Evaluation of a program of syringe decontamination for NSW prisoners. In Australian and New Zealand Society of Criminology 10th Annual Conference (13). Sydney: University of New South Wales.
Keywords: harm reduction; prison; needle sharing; personal hygiene in AODU; health promotion; Australia
|
Kaya, B., Efionayi-Mäder, D., & Wyssmüller, C. (2007). Grundlagendokument “Migration und Gesundheit” : Entwicklung von Grundlagen zur Berücksichtigung der Migrationsdimension in der Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung. Neuchâtel: University of Neuchâtel, Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies (SFM).
Keywords: health promotion; health-related prevention; migration; social equality; Switzerland
|
Kaya, B., Efionayi-Mäder, D., & Wyssmüller, C. (2007). Migration and Health : a basic document on the issues : developing documents and instruments for the “migration” dimension in health promotion and prevention. Neuchâtel: University of Neuchâtel, Swiss Forum for Migration and Population Studies (SFM).
Keywords: health promotion; health-related prevention; migration; social equality; Switzerland
|
