Bauhofer, S., Bolle, P. - H., & Dittmann, V. (1997). Drogenpolitik : Beharrung oder Wende = Politique de la drogue : continuation ou alternance (various, Ed.). Chur; Zürich: Rüegger.
Keywords: government and politics; Switzerland
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Stark, K., Muller, R., Bienzle, U., & Guggenmoos-Holzmann, I. (1996). Frontloading: a risk factor for HIV and hepatitis C virus infection among injecting drug users in Berlin. Aids, 10, 311.317.
Abstract: Objective: To determine whether frontloading (i.e., syringe-mediated drug-sharing) is a risk factor for HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among injecting drug users (IDU). Design: Cross-sectional study. Data on sociodemographic and behavioural characteristics were obtained by a standardized questionnaire. Serum samples were tested for seromarkers for HIV, HBV and HCV. Setting and participants: IDU were recruited at ’low-threshold’ storefront agencies (out-of-treatment sample), and at a centre for long-term drug use treatment (in-treatment sample). Individuals were included in the study if they had injected drugs within the previous 3 months. Main outcome measures: Serological evidence for HIV, HBV, HCV exposure. Results: Of all IDU (n = 324), 84% had ever practised frontloading with non-sterile injecting equipment, and 46% had done so more than 100 times; 32% had front-loaded during the 6 months prior to the interview. The crude seroprevalence rates for HIV, HBV and HCV increased with the overall frequency of frontloading, and reached 22, 71 and 94%, respectively, among IDU who had frontloaded more than 100 times. After controlling for confounding effects by logistic regression, having practised front-loading more than 100 times was significantly associated with HIV infection [adjusted prevalence odds ratio (POR) 3.5; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.4-9], and HCV infection (adjusted POR, 5.4; 95% CI, 2.3-12), but not with HBV infection. Another independent risk factor for all three virus infections was needle-sharing in prison. Conclusions: In communities where sterile injection equipment is readily available, and IDU have substantially reduced their overall levels of needle-sharing, the practice of frontloading appears to be a major risk factor for infections by blood-borne viruses among IDU. Prevention activities should specifically address this risk behaviour.
Keywords: health promotion
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Hudleson, P. (2005). Improving patient-provider communication : insights from interpreters. Family practice : an international journal, 22(3; 06/2005), 311–316.
Abstract: It is important for physicians to recognize and address potential cross-cultural communication barriers with their patients. Several studies have demonstrated the importance of trained medical interpreters for ensuring effective patient-provider communication. Medical interpreters also represent an untapped source of insight into common communication problems. Such insights can contribute to strengthening physicians’ cross cultural communication skills.
Keywords: health promotion; health services, prevention, and treatment research; treatment-provider-patient relations; migration; Geneva
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United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2008). 2008 world drug report. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), Research and Analysis Section.
Keywords: government and politics; international area
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De Leon, G. (1997). Community as method : therapeutic communities for special populations and special settings (various, Ed.). Westport: Praeger Publishers.
Abstract: This book presents adaptations of the therapeutic community (TC) model and method for special populations of substance abusers, and implementation in a variety of institutions and human service settings. Included are pregnant adult addicts and their children, adolescents, prison inmates and parolees, the homeless, and chronically ill clients in methadone treatment. The settings include community residence and transitional housing facilities, state prisons, county jails, homeless shelters, mental hospitals, inpatient wards and outpatient clinics, as well as community based treatment programs.
Keywords: treatment and maintenance; inpatient care
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Schäffer, D., Stöver, H., & Höpfner, C. (2011). Drogen, HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis : Ein Handbuch. Berlin: Deutsche AIDS-Hilfe (DAH).
Abstract: Die Fortschritte in der akzeptierenden Drogenarbeit sichtbar machen und dazu ermutigen, noch nicht Erreichtes engagiert anzugehen – dazu will dieses Handbuch beitragen. Vieles ist heute selbstverständlich, was vor Jahrzehnten noch auf vehementen Widerstand stieß. Der Ansatz „Harm-Reduction“ ist fest im Drogenhilfesystem verankert und inzwischen zu einer erfolgreichen gesundheitspolitischen Strategie avanciert: nicht nur auf Bundesebene, sondern – als Bestandteil des Europäischen Drogenaktionsplans – ebenso auf EU-Ebene und schließlich auch weltweit: Der im Juni 2011 erschienene „Report of the Global Commission on Drug Policy“ unter der Leitung des ehemaligen brasilianischen Präsidenten Fernando Henrique Cardoso etwa betont, dass die frühe Einführung von Harm-Reduction-Maßnahmen und geringe HIV-Prävalenzen unmittelbar zusammenhängen. Für Deutschland trifft dies ganz besonders zu, wie die Daten des Robert Koch-Instituts vom Mai 2011 zeigen: Die Anteile der HIV-Erstdiagnosen bei Menschen mit dem Infektionsrisiko „intravenöser Drogenkonsum“ sind zwischen 2001 und 2010 kontinuierlich von 8 % auf 3,2 % zurückgegangen. Das sind günstige Voraussetzungen, um bei den politisch Verantwortlichen dringend nötige Verbesserungen im Arbeitsfeld „Drogen, HIV/Aids und Hepatitis“ einzufordern und auch in der eigenen Arbeit Vorstöße zu wagen, die bei Drogen gebrauchenden Menschen zu einem Mehr an Gesundheit beitragen. Allerdings wird immer deutlicher, dass die prohibitiv orientierte, auf Repression setzende Drogenpolitik selbst für erhebliche gesundheitliche und soziale Probleme gesorgt hat, was auf der Welt-Aids-Konferenz 2010 in Wien endlich einmal deutlich ausgesprochen wurde. In der dort verabschiedeten Deklaration heißt es, dass Drogenpolitik evidenzbasiert sein muss, statt moralisch und ideologisch geprägt zu sein. Hier ist eine umfassende strategische Neuorientierung erforderlich.
Keywords: addiction; AOD consumption; drug; drug consumption; drug decriminalization; harm reduction; HIV infection; Aids; hepatitis; methadone; Germany
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United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2010). World drug report 2010. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).
Abstract: In 2009, the United Nations Member States decided to make further and decisive progress, within a decade, in controlling illicit drug supply and demand. Many illicit drug markets have reached global dimensions and require control strategies on a comparable scale. In that context, there is a need to better understand these transnational markets and the manner in which they operate. This year’s World Drug Report is a contribution towards that objective. It opens with an analytical discussion of three key transnational drug markets: the markets for heroin, cocaine and amphetamine-type stimulants. The market discussion is followed by a presentation of statistical trends for all major drug categories. The latest information on drug production, seizures and consumption is presented. Finally, there is a discussion on the relationship between drug trafficking and instability.
Keywords: illicit drug; drug market; drug trafficking; addiction; AOD dependence; chemical addiction; illegal production of drugs; illicit drug industry; search and seizure; law enforcement; AOD consumption; AOD demand; statistical data; international area; annual report
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various. (2008). Progress on implementing the Dublin declaration on partnership to fight AIDS/HIV in Europe and Central Asia (S. Matic, J. V. Lazarus, S. Nielsen, & U. Laukamm-Josten, Eds.). Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe.
Abstract: The Dublin Declaration on Partnership to Fight HIV/AIDS in Europe and Central Asia, signed in February 2004, is a key European document on HIV/AIDS. It sets out 33 actions for governments to undertake as related to leadership, prevention, living with HIV (including treatment and care) and partnership in the 53 countries of the WHO European Region. This document, prepared under the auspices of UNAIDS, highlights the successes and shortcomings of the implementation of the Declaration, as called for in Action 33 of the Declaration itself. There are 15 thematic sections complemented by nine country reports. The report, written and reviewed by more than 50 experts in the field, is available online at www.euro.who.int/aids.
Keywords: HIV infection; hepatitis C; prevention; treatment and maintenance; drug substitution therapy; research; program evaluation; Europe; Central Asia
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United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2009). World drug report 2009. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).
Abstract: The World Drug Report presents comprehensive information on the illicit drug situation. It provides detailed estimates and trends on production, trafficking and consumption in the opium/heroin, coca/cocaine, cannabis and amphetamine-type stimulants markets. This year, for the first time, the World Drug Report includes special feature sections on the quality of drug data available to UNODC, trends in drug use among young people and police-recorded drug offences. It also discusses one the most formidable unintended consequences of drug control – the black market for drugs – and how the international community best can tackle it.
Keywords: illicit drug; drug market; drug trafficking; addiction; AOD dependence; chemical addiction; illegal production of drugs; illicit drug industry; search and seizure; target group; adolescent; law enforcement; drug offense; AOD consumption; AOD use; statistical data; international area; annual report
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Best, D., Day, E., McCarthy, T., Darlington, I., & Pinchbeck, K. (2008). The hierarchy of needs and care planning in addiction services : what Maslow can tell us about addressing competing priorities? Addiction Research and Theory, 16(4; 08/2008), 305–307.
Keywords: health and disease; health care utilization; case management
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