Abstract: Rausch, Drogenkonsum und Sucht sind Phänomene, die unmittelbar mit der Konstruktion von männlichen Identitäten verbunden sind. Drogenkonsumverhalten ist damit einzureihen in Gesundheitsrisiken allgemein, die Männer eingehen, um Männlichkeiten zu demonstrieren und permanent neu zu konstruieren. Der Zusammenhang von Gender und Drogenkonsum/-abhängigkeit ist seit 25 Jahren vorwiegend im Bereich „Frau und Sucht” erforscht und für die Praxis umgesetzt worden. Die „Entdeckung der Männlichkeit” in der Suchtforschung und -hilfe ist jüngeren Datums. Vor dem Hintergrund von zunehmender Perzeption von Gendertheorien und Gesundheitsverhalten und der stärker werdenden Notwendigkeit geschlechtsspezifisch sowohl in Prävention, Beratung, und Behandlung zu arbeiten, müssen entsprechende, Transfers in die Praxis geleistet werden. Dieser Beitrag gibt erste Hinweise für den Implementationsprozess männerspezifischer Hilfen für gefährdete bzw. abhängige Männer. Intoxication, drug use and addiction are phenomenon, which are closely associated with the construction of male identities. Drug use therefore can be understood within general health risk behaviour of men, which is meant to demonstrate or permanently (re-)construct masculinity. The interrelation of gender and drug use/addiction has mainly been studied and implemented into practice along the relationship of “women and addiction” since 25 years. The “discovery of masculinity” in drug research and drug services is of a much younger date. On the background of an increasing perception of gender theories and health behaviour and a growing necessity to work gender specifically in prevention, counselling, and treatment of drug using patients transfers into the practice have to be developed. This contribution gives first indications for this implementation process of men specific services for men at risk or dependent.

Abstract: The aims of this study is to demonstrate how perceptions of the concept of “alcohol abuse” have changed over time and to delineate variations among sub-groups of the Norwegian population. An initial survey was conducted in 1964 in 10 Norwegian cities. Follow-up surveys were conducted in 1989 and 2006 based on national, representative samples. From these samples presumably comparable sub-samples have been selected. The respondents characterised 18 different drinking situations as “abuse”, “not abuse” or “doubt”. The 18 drinking situations were constructed based on combinations of three degrees of drinking frequencies, three degrees of intoxication and two degrees of sociability. The different combinations were presented to the respondents on cards, and in a random order. Norwegians’ perceptions of alcohol consumption have undergone major changes, particularly with respect to perceptions of what constitutes “alcohol abuse”. In general, views have become more liberal and permissive. A shift in perceptions since 1964 was already manifest or: evident in 1989, but this has developed further in the same direction since then. The more people drink, the more liberal are their views on what is “alcohol abuse”? This applies both on individual and aggregated levels. Perceptions of drinking practices, especially of “alcohol abuse”, have shifted with the change in average alcohol consumption. The higher general consumption the more drinking is allow before it is perceived as abuse. This is probably a reciprocal process with no specific causal direction, but obviously influenced by external factors, such as economic and cultural globalisation, tourism and generally more liberal views on many other facets of society and social life.

Abstract: Bereits 1993 zeigten Hemmeter et al. eine verminderte Tonuserniedrigung der peripheren Muskulatur in der REM-Schlafphase unter Methadon-Razemat-Substitution. Dieser Befund ist der REM-Schlaf-Verhaltensstörung zuzuordnen; empfohlene Therapie ist die Gabe von Clonazepam am Abend. Viele Substituierte berichten, dass sie mit einer Benzodiazepinmedikation einerseits besser schlafen können und sich andererseits nicht so niedergeschlagen und inaktiv fühlen. Eine Benzodiazepinmedikation wurde bzw. wird oftmals als sog. Beigebrauch betrachtet und steht somit dem Therapieziel der Substitutionsbehandlung entgegen. Diese Sichtweise muss auf dem Hintergrund der Datenlage hinterfragt werden, allerdings ist eine prophylaktische Benzodiazepinmedikation nicht indiziert. Already 1963 Hemmeter et al. had shown a missing tension decrease of musculature in REM-sleep during d,l-methadone substitution. This fact is assigned to the REM-sleep-behavior-disorder. Recommended medication is clonazepam in the evening. Much substituted patients reports on a better sleep with benzodiazepines. Add to this they don’t feel so depressed and inactive. A benzodiazepine-use is often seen as illicit drug use, which stands in the way of the aim of methadone maintenance therapy. This view is to scrutinize in sight ofthe-facts. However a preventive benzodiazepine-medication is not indicated.

Abstract: Im Sport zeichnen sich Entwicklungen im Umgang mit Medikamenten und psychoaktiven Substanzen ab, die vor allem Männer betreffen. Das zeigt auch die aktuelle Diskussion über den Einsatz von Dopingmitteln im Spitzensport. Deutsche Studien im Breiten- und Freizeitsport in Fitness-Studios und in der Bodybuilding-Szene belegen darüber hinaus, dass 20-40% der sportlich Aktiven Dopingmittel wie anabole-androgene Steroide und Stimulanzien nehmen. Das Verhältnis von Männern zu Frauen, die Dopingmittel nehmen, variiert zwischen 3:1 und 9:1. Diese Daten zeigen an, dass der Konsum von Medikamenten nicht mehr allein “typisch weiblich” sondern ebenso “typisch männlich” ist. In sports, developments are observed in the use of medications and of psychoactive substances by men. It is reflected in the ongoing discussion on doping in top sports events. Empirical studies in Germany in mass sports arenas, leisure time sports activities, in fitness-clubs and in the scene of body-builders show that between 20% and 40 % of those who are active in sports use substances such as anabolic-androgenic steroids and stimulants. The relationship between men and women who use such substances varies between 3:1 and 9:1. The data show that the use of medications is not only “typical female” but as weil “typical male”.