Abstract: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive strand RNA virus that propagates primarily in the liver. We show here that the liver-specific microRNA-122 (miR-122), a member of a class of small cellular RNAs that mediate posttranscriptional gene regulation usually by repressing the translation of mRNAs through interaction with their 30-untranslated regions (UTRs), stimulates the translation of HCV. Sequestration of miR-122 in liver cell lines strongly reduces HCV translation, whereas addition of miR-122 stimulates HCV translation in liver cell lines as well as in the non-liver HeLa cells and in rabbit reticulocyte lysate. The stimulation is conferred by direct interaction of miR-122 with two target sites in the 50-UTR of the HCV genome. With a replication-defective NS5B polymerase mutant genome, we show that the translation stimulation is independent of viral RNA synthesis. miR-122 stimulates HCV translation by enhancing the association of ribosomes with the viral RNA at an early initiation stage. In conclusion, the liver-specific miR-122 may contribute to HCV liver tropism at the level of translation.

Abstract: Prospective follow-up of 136 babies exposed to ecstasy in utero indicated that the drug may be associated with a significantly increased risk of congenital defects (15·4% [95% CI 8·2—25·4]). Cardiovascular anomalies (26 per 1000 livebirths [3·0—9·0]) and musculoskeletal anomalies (38 per 1000 [8·0—109·0]) were predominant.

Abstract: Objective – To measure injecting drug user’s attitudes to allowing other persons to use a needle and syringe known to be contaminated with hepatitis C virus. Methods – Demographic and historical data were collected at interview from a convenience sample of methadone and buprenorphine maintenance patients in mid-2002. Respondents also answered 12 attitudinal items on needlesharing, hepatitis C, HIV/AIDS and harm minimisation. Results – Subjects generally understood the threat posed by HIV and hepatitis C virus including the risk of reinfection with hepatitis C. They supported needle and syringe exchanges (90%) and safe injecting rooms (84%) and a majority supported the decriminalization of cannabis (69%) and the prescription of heroin to addicts (61%). However, forty-one of 100 respondents either failed to reject the proposition that “Even if I had hepC, I’d let people use needles after me – I’d warn them but it’s their risk” or failed to accept the proposition “If I had hepC, I’d never let anyone use my needles after me, even if it meant they didn’t get a hit”. Conclusion – Despite an awareness of the risks involved, many Sydney injecting drug users are still prepared to let other people use a needle and syringe known to be contaminated with hepatitis C virus. Implications – Attempts should be made to reduce the supply of contaminated needles and syringes by encouraging injecting drug users to take responsibility for the health and safety of other users.