Duncan, D. F., Nicholson, T., Clifford, P., Hawkins, W., & Petosa, R. (1994). Harm reduction : an emerging new paradigm for drug education. Journal of Drug Education, 24(4), 281–290.
Abstract: Harm reduction is a new paradigm now emerging in the field of drug education. This strategy recognizes that people always have and always will use drugs and, therefore, attempts to minimize the potential hazards associated with drug use rather than the use itself. The rationale for a harm reduction strategy is presented, followed by an example of the kind of needs assessment which may be needed for planning a harm reduction strategy.
Keywords: treatment and maintenance; harm reduction; statistical data; research; journal article
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Dole, V. P. (1994). What have we learned form three decades of methadone maintenance treatment? Drug and alcohol review, 13, 3–4.
Keywords: AOD use, abuse, and dependence; treatment and maintenance; methadone; commentary
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Dole, V. P. (1994). Übersetzung und Zusammenfassung : “what have we learned form three decades of methadone maintenance treatment?”. Drug and alcohol review, 13, 1.
Keywords: AOD use, abuse, and dependence; treatment and maintenance; methadone; commentary
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Shaw, M., Brabbins, C., & Ruben, S. (1994). Misuse of benzodiazepines : specify the formulation when prescribing. British medical journal, 308(25.06.1994), 1709–1710.
Keywords: addiction; AOD dependence; chemical addiction; benzodiazepines; letter to the editor
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Veale, J. (1994). Harm reduction and the community. International journal of drug policy, 5(2), 115–119.
Abstract: With the limited exception of HIV/AIDS prevention, harm minimisation in the UK has focused on the harm that drug users may do to themselves. This article explains how harm minimisation within Hammersmith and Fulham (part of inner London ) has now begun to address wider issues. Hammersmith and Fulham has the highest estimate HIV+ rate of any local authority area in the UK, and approximately 4000 injecting drug users. Spending on HIV prevention and services for people with HIV/AIDS is the highest in the UK . Police estimate that more than half of all acquisitive crime in the area is committed to fund drug purchases. Public services in the health, criminal justice, education, housing and social fields have formed an unusually close partnership to address these problems. This is generating rapid changes in service provision, including moves away from prosecution of people in possession of any drug for their own use, and moves to attract many more users into treatment by greatly extending prescribing practice. The overall aims of harm minimisation in the area now include reduction of crime and reduction of the illicit drug market alongside minimisation of harm to drug users themselves.
Keywords: harm reduction; prevention; health promotion; HIV infection; Aids; intravenous drug user; crime; cooperation; drug market; United Kingdom; London
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Siegal, H. A., Carlson, R. G., Falck, R., & Wang, J. (1994). Injection drug users' needle-cleaning practices. American journal of public health : official journal of the American Public Health Association, 84(9; 09/1994), 1523–1524.
Abstract: The effectiveness of bleach in inactivating HIV in drug users’ injection equipment is in question. In a letter to the editor published in the American Journal of Public Health, Harvey Siegal et al respond to the report by Shapshak and his colleagues that a minimum of 30 seconds in bleach is needed for sufficient cleaning of the equipment. Through their own observations of 77 intravenous drug users, Siegal et al noted a great disparity in the amount of bleaching time–from 1 to 75 seconds–as well as in the methods of cleaning of the equipment. Despite the fact that the study was conducted in project offices, the results provide some evidence of how drug users really use bleach when cleaning. It is important to clearly state disinfection techniques in prevention messages that target drug users, because a few seconds’ difference can make all the difference between becoming infected with HIV or remaining uninfected.
Keywords: letter to the editor
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Mandell, W., Vlahov, D., Latkin, C. A., Oziemkowska, M., & Cohn, S. (1994). Correlates of needle sharing among injection drug users. American journal of public health : official journal of the American Public Health Association, 84(6; 06/1994), 920–923.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES. The sharing of contaminated injection equipment is the primary mode of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission for injection drug users. This study examined demographic factors, life events, and drug use practices that are potential risk factors for sharing injection equipment. METHODS. Between February 1988 and March 1989, 2921 active injection drug users were interviewed and questioned about their backgrounds, life-styles, and patterns of injection drug use. RESULTS. Of 2524 participants who reported injecting drugs within the 6 months prior to study enrollment, 70.4% reported recent needle sharing. A multivariate analysis found needle sharing to be more frequent among those with a history of arrest and lower socioeconomic status, even after accounting for other demographic and drug use variables. In addition, recent needle sharing was higher in male homosexual or bisexual men than in their heterosexual counterparts. CONCLUSIONS. These data suggest that injection drug users have an economic motive to share needles and that the availability of free and legal needles may reduce levels of needle sharing.
Keywords: AOD use, abuse, and dependence; intravenous drug user; needle sharing; HIV infection; risk factors; United States; study
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van Ameijden, E. J. C., van den Hoek, A. A. R., & Coutinho, R. A. (1994). Injecting risk behavior among drug users in Amsterdam, 1986 to 1992, and its relationship to AIDS prevention programs. American journal of public health : official journal of the American Public Health Association, 84(2; 02/1994), 275–281.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES. Serial, cross-sectional trends in injecting risk behavior were studied among drug users from 1986 to 1992. METHODS. From a cohort study in Amsterdam, 616 intake visits of drug users who had injected in the 6 months preceding intake were selected. RESULTS. The proportion of drug users who reported borrowing and lending used injection equipment and reusing needles/syringes (in the previous 6 months), continuously declined from 51% to 20%, from 46% to 10% and from 63% to 39%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, it appeared unlikely that a selective recruitment of participants over time was responsible for these trends. Participants, recruited later in time, had been previously tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) more often, had received daily methadone less often, and had obtained a higher proportion of new needles via exchange programs. Indications were found that (1) voluntary HIV testing and counseling leads to less borrowing, lending, and reusing equipment; and (2) obtaining needles via exchange programs leads to less reusing needles/syringes. It appeared that nonattenders of methadone and exchange programs have reduced borrowing and lending to the same extent as attenders. CONCLUSIONS. Methodologically, evaluating specific measures is difficult. However, the combination of various preventive measures in Amsterdam is likely to be responsible for the observed decrease in injecting risk behavior.
Keywords: intravenous drug user; risk-taking behavior; needle sharing; HIV infection; treatment and maintenance; methadone maintenance; drug substitution therapy; harm reduction; needle distribution and exchange; Netherlands; Amsterdam
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Ott, R. (1994). Würden Sie sich von Laien reanimieren lassen? Schweizerische Ärztezeitung, 75(28; 13.07.1994), 1131–1132.
Keywords: heart failure; emergency care; cardiopulmonary resuscitation; amateur; cost (economic); Switzerland
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Loosen, W. (1994). Rohypnol und Polytoxikomanie. Sucht : Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Praxis = Sucht : German journal of addiction research and practice, 40(2), 127–129.
Keywords: addiction; AOD dependence; chemical addiction; drug; multiple drug use; flunitrazepam; Rohypnol; benzodiazepines
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