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Donoghoe, M. C., Dolan, K. A., & Stimson, G. V. (1992). Life-style factors and social circumstances of syringe sharing in injecting drug users. British journal of addiction, 87(7), 993–1003.
Abstract: Measures taken to reduce HIV risk by injecting drug users have been reported in many countries, but a minority of injectors continue to engage in risky practices. In an ongoing cohort study, 207 drug injectors were interviewed and anonymously tested for HIV antibodies in saliva in 1989. Injectors reporting recent syringe sharing were compared with those not recently sharing; injecting events where sharing did and did not take place were examined. Those recently sharing syringes differed significantly from the non-sharers on several factors, including: use of heroin, dihydrocodeine and temazepam; injection of heroin, temazepam and prescribed methadone; accommodation and contact with other injectors; means of financial support and recent involvement in crime; secondary sources of injecting equipment and unsafe disposal; employment of HIV protective strategies; treatment contact with general practitioners; number of sexual partners and injecting status of sexual partners. The two groups were not significantly different in terms of attendance at syringe-exchange schemes and self-reported HIV antibody status. Syringe sharing would appear to be related to social circumstances and life-style factors rather than just individual choices and motivation.
Keywords: harm reduction
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various. (2005). Dossier HIV-Prävention = Dossier prévention du VIH. Schweizerische Ärztezeitung = Bulletin des médecins suisses, 86(28; 2005), 1729–1752.
Keywords: health promotion; HIV infection; Aids
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San, L., Camí, J., Peri, J. M., Mata, R., & Porta, M. (1990). Efficacy of clonidine, guanfacine and methadone in the rapid detoxification of heroin addicts : a controlled clinical trial. British journal of addiction, 85(1; 01/1990), 141–147.
Abstract: The efficacy of clonidine, methadone, and guanfacine in rapid detoxification of heroin inpatients was assessed in a randomized controlled clinical trial. Signs and symptoms of abstinence and of side effects were analysed in 90 heroin addicts successfully completing a 12–day inpatient trial, all patients fit DSM-III criteria for opioid dependence, the age range being 18 to 36 years. All three drugs were effective in controlling abstinence; however, the course of abstinence was different in the methadone group as compared to the adrenergic agonists, the latter showing limitations in their ability to suppress withdrawal manifestations. While mean number of withdrawal signs and symptoms was significantly tower during days 2 to 5 in the methadone group (p < 0.01), adrenergic agonists were slightly more effective at the end of the trial. Incidence of side effects was closely related to the dose administered. Hypotensive action of adrenergic agonists was more marked in orthostatic position. The present results suggest that methadone is superior to adrenergic agonists. Between these drugs clonidine appears to be less effective than guanfacine in controlling some withdrawal manifestations, and causes more side effects, mainly of cardiovascular nature.
Keywords: treatment and maintenance; inpatient care; detoxification; heroin; clonidine; guanfacine; methadone
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Siegal, H. A., Carlson, R. G., Falck, R., & Wang, J. (1994). Injection drug users' needle-cleaning practices. American journal of public health : official journal of the American Public Health Association, 84(9; 09/1994), 1523–1524.
Abstract: The effectiveness of bleach in inactivating HIV in drug users’ injection equipment is in question. In a letter to the editor published in the American Journal of Public Health, Harvey Siegal et al respond to the report by Shapshak and his colleagues that a minimum of 30 seconds in bleach is needed for sufficient cleaning of the equipment. Through their own observations of 77 intravenous drug users, Siegal et al noted a great disparity in the amount of bleaching time–from 1 to 75 seconds–as well as in the methods of cleaning of the equipment. Despite the fact that the study was conducted in project offices, the results provide some evidence of how drug users really use bleach when cleaning. It is important to clearly state disinfection techniques in prevention messages that target drug users, because a few seconds’ difference can make all the difference between becoming infected with HIV or remaining uninfected.
Keywords: letter to the editor
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Mandell, W., Vlahov, D., Latkin, C. A., Oziemkowska, M., & Cohn, S. (1994). Correlates of needle sharing among injection drug users. American journal of public health : official journal of the American Public Health Association, 84(6; 06/1994), 920–923.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES. The sharing of contaminated injection equipment is the primary mode of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission for injection drug users. This study examined demographic factors, life events, and drug use practices that are potential risk factors for sharing injection equipment. METHODS. Between February 1988 and March 1989, 2921 active injection drug users were interviewed and questioned about their backgrounds, life-styles, and patterns of injection drug use. RESULTS. Of 2524 participants who reported injecting drugs within the 6 months prior to study enrollment, 70.4% reported recent needle sharing. A multivariate analysis found needle sharing to be more frequent among those with a history of arrest and lower socioeconomic status, even after accounting for other demographic and drug use variables. In addition, recent needle sharing was higher in male homosexual or bisexual men than in their heterosexual counterparts. CONCLUSIONS. These data suggest that injection drug users have an economic motive to share needles and that the availability of free and legal needles may reduce levels of needle sharing.
Keywords: AOD use, abuse, and dependence; intravenous drug user; needle sharing; HIV infection; risk factors; United States; study
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van Ameijden, E. J. C., van den Hoek, A. A. R., & Coutinho, R. A. (1994). Injecting risk behavior among drug users in Amsterdam, 1986 to 1992, and its relationship to AIDS prevention programs. American journal of public health : official journal of the American Public Health Association, 84(2; 02/1994), 275–281.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES. Serial, cross-sectional trends in injecting risk behavior were studied among drug users from 1986 to 1992. METHODS. From a cohort study in Amsterdam, 616 intake visits of drug users who had injected in the 6 months preceding intake were selected. RESULTS. The proportion of drug users who reported borrowing and lending used injection equipment and reusing needles/syringes (in the previous 6 months), continuously declined from 51% to 20%, from 46% to 10% and from 63% to 39%, respectively. In multivariate analysis, it appeared unlikely that a selective recruitment of participants over time was responsible for these trends. Participants, recruited later in time, had been previously tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) more often, had received daily methadone less often, and had obtained a higher proportion of new needles via exchange programs. Indications were found that (1) voluntary HIV testing and counseling leads to less borrowing, lending, and reusing equipment; and (2) obtaining needles via exchange programs leads to less reusing needles/syringes. It appeared that nonattenders of methadone and exchange programs have reduced borrowing and lending to the same extent as attenders. CONCLUSIONS. Methodologically, evaluating specific measures is difficult. However, the combination of various preventive measures in Amsterdam is likely to be responsible for the observed decrease in injecting risk behavior.
Keywords: intravenous drug user; risk-taking behavior; needle sharing; HIV infection; treatment and maintenance; methadone maintenance; drug substitution therapy; harm reduction; needle distribution and exchange; Netherlands; Amsterdam
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Meier, P. J., & Krättli, N. (2010). Prävention : “Krankheiten sind nicht an sich etwas Schlechtes”. Der schweizerische Beobachter, 83(9; 05/2010).
Abstract: Der Ruf nach Prävention wird in immer neuen Bereichen laut. Gesundheitsexperte Martin Hafen befürchtet, dass schon bald Eltern zahlen sollen, die Ungeborene mit Down-Syndrom nicht abtreiben.
Keywords: health; public health; prevention; health promotion; prevention campaign; cost-benefit analysis; Switzerland; Hafen, Martin; interview
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Sorg, L., & Broder, S. (2009). Cannabis : Ernterausch im Bastelkeller. Der schweizerische Beobachter, 82(17; 19.08.2009), 3.
Abstract: Cannabis ist nicht mehr so leicht erhältlich wie früher. Doch Jugendliche kiffen locker weiter, oft teureren und vor allem gefährlicheren Stoff. Hat die Repression der letzten Jahre versagt?
Keywords: addiction; AOD dependence; chemical addiction; cannabis
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Welton, A., Adelberger, K., Patterson, K., & Gilbert, D. (2004). Optimal placement of syringe-exchange programs : abstract. Journal of urban health : bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 81(2), 1.
Abstract: Syringe-exchange programs (SEPs) will likely play a major role in slowing the spread of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among injecting drug users (IDUs), but the success of any single SEP will depend to a large extent on where it is located. We show how the optimal position for a new SEP can be chosen given accurate knowledge of where IDUs live and how far they are willing to travel to an SEP. This information is not normally available, and one of our major points is that SEPs will necessarily be placed in suboptimal locations and will serve fewer IDUs than they otherwise might until it becomes available. Our method for choosing the best SEP placement is illustrated with Manhattan as an idealized example.
Keywords: harm reduction
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Kessler, R., & Ryser, D. H. (1991). Der Drogenpatient als Notfall. Praxis : schweizerische Rundschau für Medizin, 80(3; 15.01.1991), 31–35.
Keywords: harm reduction; monitoring
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